GRADES for 3A (these are the final grade total for the class)

Total Possible ended up at: 560 points

11274076 491
11200769 438
11322242 451
11298037 509
10001129 527
10676194 481
11357259 518
11386932 450
11361073 463
11364791 469
11135637 562
11294356 519
11309711 263
11350257 408
11341894 491
11355753 81
11311492 430
11293836 468
11252769 430
11261399 469
11302316 177
11336226 541
11346600 485
11327673 452
11358801 540
11273726 515
11253620 447
11189392 240
11345144 444
11253781 454
11363563 433
11265860 283
11358849 470
11292112 456
11160043 378
10344901 534
10341072 200
11296000 542
11357784 536
11258963 404
11276656 541
11337506 483
11278485 365
11310875 196
11259581 469
11327414 445
10068119 532
11262776 429
11202148 391
10714970 300
11176994 521
11251790 523
11349673 483
11339135 492
11290201 185
11162842 280
11375532 535
11190963 464
11362137 490
11345577 507
11187145 531
11203143 400
11174263 177
10341072 522
11256232 379
11297783 392
11341264 203
11310832 345
11201561 198
11364782 474
11254477 433
11227493 530
11348601 523
10715269 453
10523316 487
10318598 44

FINAL Project Debate Grade (Total 150)

11274076 140
11200769 137
11322242 150
11298037 145
10001129 150
10676194 137
11357259 142
11386932 145
11361073 139
11364791 140
11135637 150
11294356 133
11309711
11350257 140
11341894 140
11355753
11311492 145
11293836 145
11252769 100
11261399 143
11302316
11336226 150
11346600 130
11327673 100
11358801 145
11273726 135
11253620 137
11189392
11345144 140
11253781 140
11363563 100
11265860
11358849 135
11292112 100
11160043 100
10344901 150
10341072
11296000 145
11357784 145
11258963 100
11276656 145
11337506 140
11278485 100
11310875
11259581 135
11327414 138
10068119 140
11262776 140
11202148 140
10714970 135
11176994 140
11251790 145
11349673 145
11339135 137
11290201
11162842
11375532 145
11190963 137
11362137 145
11345577 150
11187145 145
11203143 135
11174263
10341072 150
11256232 120
11297783 120
11341264
11310832 135
11201561
11364782 139
11254477 135
11227493 145
11348601 145
10715269 135
10523316 140
10318598

Quiz 10 grades

CWID
11274076 7
11200769 4
11322242 8
11298037 8
10001129 5
10676194 6
11357259 7
11386932 7
11361073 8
11364791 6
11135637 6
11294356 7
11309711 4
11350257 10
11341894 6
11355753
11311492 8
11293836 6
11252769 6
11261399 8
11302316
11336226 7
11346600 8
11327673 7
11358801 7
11273726 8
11253620 5
11189392 7
11345144 7
11253781 7
11363563 6
11265860 7
11358849 6
11292112 9
11160043 6
10344901 7
10341072
11296000 7
11357784 5
11258963 5
11276656 7
11337506 7
11278485 5
11310875 3
11259581 8
11327414 8
10068119 7
11262776 6
11202148 6
10714970
11176994 8
11251790 9
11349673 9
11339135 6
11290201
11162842 7
11375532 7
11190963 8
11362137
11345577
11187145 8
11203143 4
11174263
10341072 8
11256232 7
11297783 6
11341264
11310832
11201561
11364782 9
11254477 7
11227493 7
11348601 6
10715269 8
10523316 8
10318598

Midterm 2 Grades (Total possible 100)

11274076 80
11200769 82
11322242 62
11298037 64
10001129 84
10676194 66
11357259 65
11386932 74
11361073 62
11364791 65
11135637 93
11294356 82
11309711 60
11350257 54
11341894 70
11355753
11311492 60
11293836 66
11252769 65
11261399 45
11302316
11336226 80
11346600 65
11327673 64
11358801 85
11273726 74
11253620 62
11189392 50
11345144 65
11253781 64
11363563 45
11265860 50
11358849 61
11292112 89
11160043 60
10344901 90
10341072 90
11296000 82
11357784 90
11258963 58
11276656 84
11337506 65
11278485 38
11310875
11259581 70
11327414 87
10068119 86
11262776
11202148 55
10714970 44
11176994 87
11251790 74
11349673 66
11339135 64
11290201
11162842 65
11375532 76
11190963 64
11362137 80
11345577 70
11187145 86
11203143 90
11174263
10341072 78
11256232 64
11297783 54
11341264
11310832
11201561
11364782 65
11254477 54
11227493 84
11348601 86
10715269 65
10523316 60
10318598

PP Notes Inca

Tawantinsuyu or “Inca” 1200-1532 CE

Andean Region
From Colombia to Chile (2500 miles north to south)
From the coast to the Amazon (380,000 square miles in all)
1200 BCE – first Inca
Largest nation on earth



Cuzco (“navel”) was the capital
Legend of Inca origin
Quechua was the spoken language
Tawantinsuyu - Tawan means 4 – empire was divided into four regions
14,000 mile-long road system linking the capital to its empire (through the Andes)

Lodges, store houses, temples and posts along the way (roads kept clear no matter the location)
10 million subjects at its peak
Taxes in labor
Fierce warriors, but life was very peaceful

Daily life was spent at up to 15,000 ft
Ritual life up to 22,000 ft (in Chile)
Clothing was still minimal, even sandals were still used

The 3 laws:
Don’t steal,
Don’t lie
Don’t be lazy

Resulting in:
pushed from cliffs, hands, eyes or lips cut off, hung up to starve to death

Inca Architecture
Locking stones
Lacked any type of mortar
Used gold and silver
Story of cornfields and llamas

Irrigation System

Irrigation was complex and essentially in steppe farming
Have to reach multilevel sections
It was also a source of ritual
Developed methods of crop dusting
Highly advanced in cultivating crops
Religion

Polytheism
Worshipped the sun “Inti”
Condor represented heaven, anaconda for the underworld, Puma was the brother who resided on earth

Human sacrifice/child sacrifice (used chicha)
Mummies (royalty found in frozen peaks of the Andes) Kings did not rob dead kings
Story of Tanta Carhua
Complex calendaring

PP Notes Constantine

Constantine

300 CE, two kings had converted to Christianity: Osroene in Mesopotamia, and the king of Armenia.
Christians made up 20% or more of Rome’s population in parts of the Empire.


Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).

324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration

Assimilation of paganism within the church: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.
Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been penetrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:

PP Notes Maya and Mexica (Aztec)

Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica stretches from Mexico’s central plain to Costa Rica
Beginnings of civilization around 12000 BCE (300-400 yrs. after Shang)
Depended on corn, beans and wild turkey –used only digging sticks



Mesoamerican region
Lived in a tropical rain forest in Guatemala and Belize
Agricultural community: beans, maize, chili peppers and squash
Made clay, cloth, rope, nets, string
Around 900 BCE migrated into Yucatan Peninsula

By first century, traded with Teotihuacan
Complex family units, cities, temples: class division, private property
Built with limestone, coral, and plaster
Had writing and numbering system (including zero)

Religion

Trances/Visions: dancing, blood letting, hallucinogenic enemas, used the mushroom: psilocybim, flowers, toads, etc.
Sacred written texts
Popol Vuh was sacred mythology
Xibalba was the under world





Hunaphu and Ixbalanque – hero twins – played ball game in Xibalba and won. Most important thing you can be is a trickster, could outwit the gods. Really appreciated witty individuals. (Moon has a trickster)

All movements in the story of the twins represents solar movement, i.e. descending into Xibalba represents retrograde motion of Venus (disappears), mnemonic devices to plot movements of the universe
“Popol Vuh” – people of the mat.
Michael Coe wrote “Breaking the Maya Code” – took a Russian, Uri Knorosov, during the cold war, with outdated equipment (there was no Rosetta Stone until De Landa’s letters regarding Chi’s )



Aztecs 1345 – 1521 CE
The Aztec Calendar

In the Mesoamerican region
Came to Mexico from a Southwestern region in the United States
Capital was called Tenochtitlan (no comparison in 16th century Europe, when Cortes landed). 8 to 25 million people

The plaza on the island represented the Mesoamerican universe. Pyramids, large buildings, temples and homes.
Transportation was mainly canoes, much like in Venice.



Played a sacred ball game for 3000 years: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras.
More than 1560 courts have been discovered. Use of a heavy rubber ball, and a ring. Teams of two to seven, wore yokes, shoulder pads, hip covers and helmets – losers were sacrificed. Ball represents trajectory of a planet and set in ground – near underworld, supernatural.
Wagering was an important part of the games.

Religion
Human sacrifice
Gods: blood eaters
Complex calendaring
Polytheism
Human sacrifice

PP Notes Hebrews

Kush and Axum

Five Cultures
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus Valley
Shang China
Olmecs

Hebrews and Monotheism

Hebrew Society
Originally semi-nomadic herders (goats and sheep)
Lacked metal working, written language, sophisticated craftsmanship
Lived in tents
Patriarchal structure, tied to priesthood

Family and tribal loyalties
Justice was central to their life
Originally carried their religion with them:
Ark of the Covenant
Monotheism
Issues of El and Ba’al
Strife and conflict within Hebrew society
Validity of the Torah
Relationship between God and man

A Nation
The prophet Samuel selected a king
Saul, David, Solomon
Expansion and cohesion
Writing and calendaring are utilized
Warriors, taxes, trade, metallurgy, public works, agriculture

Israel and Judah split
Israel, Judah, Pheonicia, Damascus and Assyria politically embroiled
Weakening of a Hebrew nation ultimately led to displacement
Hebrew Writing

Record keeping people
Continuity of culture
Supports political life and commerce
Bears witness to relationship between the Hebrews and their god
Serves as historical insight
Religion

Ritual sacrifice
Priesthood
Annual holidays
Diet
Clothing/physical appearance
Temples and synagogues
Women
Sacred writings

The western wall of the Jewish temple

PP Notes Christianity

Jerusalem
Pax Romana
Centuries after the Roman Republic was established, and after the wars with Gaul, the Punic Wars with Carthage (Hannibal), the Macedonian Wars, and other civil wars and revolution, the great Pax Romana ensued, an age of relative peace and toleration…
The Roman Empire extended from Britain to Mesopotamia to Egypt, with a population of perhaps one hundred million people…
In 63 B.C. Pompey marched his Roman armies down the Jordan Valley and up to Jerusalem, entered the Holy of holies of the Temple, and proclaimed Jerusalem subject to the authority of Rome.

D.K. Ogden, Jerusalem the Eternal City, p. 153
Jesus of Nazareth
Born between 1 and 4 BCE, in Bethlehem (10 miles south of Jerusalem)
Legend of the Virgin Mary
Raised in Nazareth as a carpenter, spoke Aramaic
Follower of John the Baptist, embraced doctrine of baptism (like the Hindus)
Began his ministry near John’s arrest



Preached love of fellow man and God.
Doctrine of resurrection
Preformed miracles, healings and exorcists
The Sermon on the Mount
Enters Jerusalem on Passover, to visit the Temple (Jesus was a devout Jew)



Am empty tomb (3 days) and the last supper

Gnosticism: Egypt, Montanism in Asia Minor, Marcionism in Syria.

Catholicism was only one of dozens of "denominations" within the early church until it was adopted as the state religion of the Roman Empire.


After Death
The Apostles organize and preach, increasing the gentile population
The tradition remains oral
With the loss of the apostolic order, a new debate for hierarchy begins
Thus begins the title of “Bishop”
Constantine

Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).
324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration
Assimilation of paganism within the churhc: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.

Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been pentrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:

PP Notes Byzantine

Byzantine and Orthodox Europe
Europe
Religion
Tribal Nations
Byzantium 565 CE
Origins of Byzantium
Derived from Roman empire, formed in western Europe and southeast Asia, later expanding into eastern Europe
Greek replaced Latin as the court language by the 6th century
Justinian attempted to expand Byzantine rule in the 6th century; rebuilt Constantinople (Hagia Sophia), codified Roman law.
Would later be attacked by Arab and Slavic kingdoms – constant pressure on the borders
By the close of the 10th century, Byzantium Emperor a formidable European power

Byzantium
High levels of political and cultural life between 500 – 1450 CE
Based on Orthodox Christianity, and Roman political forms
Ruler empowered by god, head of church and state – education could lead to advancement
1054 a break in Christianity: Orthodox and Catholic
Decline: 11th century - Arab conquest claimed Asian provinces, lost most important source of taxes and food – pressure on all borders
Crusaders would sack Constantinople in 1204
In 1453 the Ottoman Turks would claim Constantinople
Trade and Education
Europe
Writing

PP Notes Islam

Islam
The Dome of the Rock

Muhammad

History of Submission
632 Abu-Bakar (father-in-law) became Caliph but dies two years later, leaving the position to Umar
638 Muslims defeated the Romans, took Jerusalem and occupied Mesopotamia and the Persian capital, Ctesiphon.
641 Conquest of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, the Fertile Crescent and Egypt.
662 Rule of the “Four righteous Caliphs” ends

History of Submission


The Koran
The Hadith (behaviors and rules in Islam)
-share your wealth, value scripture
-Women are sinful
-respect for elders
-do not look upon women
-denounce things of the world
-fight in the jihad
-kindness to family
-suicide is a sin
-suffering is good
-mercy is divine
-treat others as you would treat yourself
-place Allah above all else
-man is accountable to Allah
Trade and Education
Science, Literature and the Arts
The Ottoman Empire
The Ghazi were an Islamic military faction, and leaned toward Sufism
Osman (Uthman) was a Turkish sultan who came to power in 1280
Originated near Constantinople, and fleeing Mongol expansion
Around 1327 establish capital at Bursa
Janissaries: Muslim, slaves, devoted to asceticism, celibacy and Islamic values
The Ottoman Empire would last into the twentieth century through World War I.

Study Guide 2 (Midterm 2)

1. What was the Warring States period? Who did it involve why was it important?

2. What were the political, social and economic consequences of this period?

3. Who was Confucius? What did he teach? How did his philosophies influence China? What political and social order did his teachings establish?

4. What changes were made in Confucian thought by later followers? How did this change the political or social structures sought after?

5. What was Daoism? How was it different from Confucian thought? How did this influence social and political order?

6. What was the significance of the Qin dynasty?

7. What impact did Sunzi’s political philosophy have?

8. How did the Han institutionalize Confucian political philosophy? How did the impact their political stronghold? What social ramifications came from such structure?

9. What were the status of the scholar-gentry, women, peasants, merchants and artisans under the Han dynasty?

10.
Define:
Qin
Shi Huangdi
Confucius
Mencius
Laozi
Daoism
Legalists
Great Wall
Sunzi
Liu Bang
Han
Scholar-gentry
Secret societies
Forbidden city
Wang Mang
Eunuchs

11. Who was Muhammad and where was he born? How was he “chosen?”

12. What was the nature of Bedouin society before Muhammad received his revelation?

13. What was the purpose of Islam? Who made up the original followers? How did Islam address the problems in Arabian society?

14. Why is the jihad so important? How noble is it?

15. What was the nature and extent of the Umayyad Empire and what let to its’ fall?

16. What were the achievements of the Arab phase of Islamic development ending in 750?

17. How was the Abbasid Empire different from the Umayyad? Describe the Abbasid economy, role of women, social structure, theological developments and weaknesses within the empire.

18. What were “common elements” in African societies? How did Islam enter Africa?

19. What were the Sundanic states and how were they organized?

20. How were the beliefs of Islam and indigenous societies integrated? What was the connection between East Africa and Islam?

21. Define:
Bedouin
Mecca
Koran (Qur’an)
Umma
Zakat
Caliph
Jihad
Crusaders
Ibn Khaldun
Sufis
Mongols
Arabic numerals
Sati
Stateless societies
Sundiata
Griots
Demographic transition


22. What significance did the Byzantine Empire have to the civilizations of Europe? Compare and contrast the development of civilizations in Eastern and Western Europe.

23. How does Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?

24. Compare and contrast Byzantine and Chinese political organization.

25. What was the political structure under the Byzantine Empire? And throughout Europe? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics? What was the relationship between the king and his subjects?

26. What were the major religious beliefs of these societies? How was opulence justified? What was the relationship between church and state?

27. Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.

28. What factors led to the decline of Byzantine? How did Byzantine influence Russia?

29. Why did political development of Eastern Europe fall behind Western Europe?

30. Who were Erec and Enide? What do the King Arthur stories tell us about the culture of that time?

31. Define:
Hagia Sophia
Bulgaria
Icons
Iconoclasm
Cyril and Methodius
Kiev
Russian Orthodoxy
Boyars

32. What were the social structures of Korea, Vietname, China, India and Japan like in each of these societies? What were family life and gender relations like?
What were the religious beliefs? How did these beliefs support or hurt the corresponding governments? What was man’s role in life? His relationship with god or ancestors?

33. What major wars took place and how did that influence these communities?

34. What types of laws existed? How were the governments structured? How were the roles of individuals defined by the law?

35. What types of trade occurred? What were the major goods traded? How did trade impact the society?

36. What was the apparent level of literacy in these communities?

37. What is a warrior and what is their code of ethics like?

38. What led to the decline of these communities/dynasties?


39. Define:

Period of Six Dynasties
Jinshi
Chan Buddhism (Zen)
Grand Canal
Junks
Samurai
Seppuku
Shoguns

40. Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another?

41. Discuss Christian theology.

42. What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?

43. How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?

44. According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?

45. What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?

46. What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?

47. Define:
Natural Law
Heaven
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion

48. What are the origins of the Native Americans? How did isolation affect their social development?

49. What was the social structure of most American groups? And the role of women?

50. Discuss sedentary agriculture in Meso America. What crops were domesticated? What animals?

51. What were the class distinctions? How was leadership gained or maintained? Who were slaves? What types of political structure existed in Meso American communities?

52. What was Meso American religion like? Were there separate priest/government classes?

53. Where was Teotihuacán located? What is suggested from their art? Were state and government mixed?

54. What led to the decline of Teotihuacán?

55. Discuss the Mayans of southern Mexico and Central America. How was the nation structured? Did they have writing? Calendars? Mathematics?

56. What were some of the way Mayans supported a population of up to 5 million? What were the roles of men and women? Were families patrilineal?

57. What was the Popol Vuh? How was the world created? What is the significance of the twins? What does this tell us about the relationship between man and god?

58. What were the Andean peoples like? How were some of their agricultural techniques unique? What animals did they domesticate?

59. Who were the Inca? What were Macchu Picchu and Sacsahuman? Where was Cuzco located and how was the city designed? How long did their empire last?

60. Did all Native American groups use writing? Mathematics? Calendaring? What were the various architectures like? Why were they different?

61. Define:
Maize
“Long count”
Puna
Toltec
Solar Cycle
Ayllu
Puma
Macchu Picchu

Map:
Constantinople
Byzantine
Medina
Mecca
Cordoba
Rome
Korea
Vietnam
China
Japan
Bombay
Calcutta
Tikal
Teotihuacan

Study Guide Midterm 2

The SG will be posted before class tomorrow. There has been a technical difficulty.

The Maya Part 3/3 (Must Comment)

Maya Part 2/3 (Must Comment)

The Maya (Must Comment on all 3 parts)

GRADES so far

Total possible 230
(this does not include quizes after the midterm)

CWID
11274076 192
11200769 138
11322242 154
11298037 184
10001129 209
10676194 173
11357259 211
11386932 171
11361073 185
11364791 170
11135637 207
11294356 204
11309711 142
11350257 29
11341894 128
11355753 182
11311492 81
11293836 162
11252769 175
11261399 187
11302316 164
11336226 142
11346600 196
11327673 134
11358801 191
11273726 211
11253620 192
11189392 156
11345144 140
11253781 144
11363563 170
11265860 180
11358849 142
11292112 176
11160043 183
10344901 136
10341072 183
11296000 75
11357784 199
11258963 189
11276656 176
11337506 198
11278485 175
11310875 135
11259581 137
11327414 167
10068119 141
11262776 199
11202148 173
10714970 121
11176994 71
11251790 191
11349673 187
11339135 171
11290201 177
11162842 127
11375532 150
11190963 200
11362137 178
11345577 176
11187145 198
11203143 202
11174263 136
10341072 142
11256232 186
11297783 116
11341264 138
11310832 153
11201561 154
11364782 142
11254477 204
11227493 167
11348601 182
10715269 189
10523316 184
10318598 194
9

Quiz 7,8,9

1. There were 3 dynasties in Imperial China from 589-1368. T
2. There was a mixture of Chinese and Turkic ancestry in China. T
3. The Tang government was organized into three main branches: Military affairs, Council of State, Secretariat. F
4. Similar to the other ancient civilizations, women were not present in Chinese politics. F
5. Historians often compare the Sui dynasty to the Qin dynasty. T
6. Japan's acidic volcanic soil east up bones, leaving no early skeletal remains. T
7. The 1st turning point of Japanese history was its adoption of the higher civilization of China. F
8. The 3 main offices outside the Chinese system are: Audit officers, Bureau of Archivists and police commissioners. T
9. Japan was powerfully influenced by successful waves of Chinese culture. T
10. The indigenous religion of the Yomato Japanese was an animistic worship of nature called "uji." F
11. The 3 states of Korea were Silla, Paekche and Koryo. T
12. The Vietnamese were governed by the Chinese command over the first seven centuries. T
13. Korea and Vietnam were conquered by China in 108 BCE. F
14. 3 movements shaped the historical civilizations of Vietnam. F
15. Buddhism was patronized by the Silla King. T
16. A young concubine name Wu Zhad became the first and only female empress of China. T
17. The Grand Canal was repaired and extended under Empress Wu's reign. F
18. Tang culture refused to open to cultural influences of foreign civilizations. F
19. The Song Dynasty is known as the Golden Age of Buddhism in China where the wealth of Buddhists practitioners led to the building of many temples. F
20. Tang culture is the only dynastic establishment with a 'church like' function like Medieval Europe. T
21. The daoist term Nirvana was translated "not doing." T
22. Buddhism originated in a Himalayan state in Northwest Asia. F
23. The neo daoist cults had priests, shamans, seers and sorceresses. T
24. The hierarchical church organizations were smashed at the end of the 3rd century. F
25. Neo-daoism means 'mysterious way' F
26. The founder of the Mongol Empire was Temujn. T
27. Temujin was born in 1167.
28. One hallmark of Chinese history is its continuity of culture, language and geography.
29. Confucian historians have seen a pattern in every dynasty of long duration called the dynastic cycle.
30. The Ming dynasty was destroyed by the domino effect of its own legal codes. T

Midterm 1 GRADES

MIDTERM 1 (Total possible 150)

CWID
11274076 127
11200769 106
11322242 115
11298037 122
10001129 137
10676194 120
11357259 131
11386932 122
11361073 130
11364791 129
11135637 141
11294356 133
11214964
11309711 107
11350257
11341894 92
11355753 131
11311492 38
11346759
11293836 114
11252769 137
11347909
11261399 121
11302316 105
11336226 106
11346600 134
11351225
11327673 99
11360036
11358801 121
11273726 135
11253620 130
11297438
11189392 119
11345144 99
11253781 92
11363563 130
11265860 116
11358849 115
11292112 121
11160043 127
10344901 102
10341072
11296000 46
11357784 129
11258963 125
11276656 120
10478020
11260768
11337506 126
11278485 112
11310875 89
11259581 111
11336299
11327414 139
11363383
10068119 99
11262776 131
11202148 128
11306641
10714970 102
11335070
11176994 37
11362150
11362902
11251790 140
11386177
11349673 118
11339135 110
11290201 115
11162842 93
11375532 126
11190963 134
11362137 128
11345019
11345577 126
11343845
11187145 142
11203143 142
11310441
11174263 129
10341072 142
11296000
11256232 127
11297783 65
11341264 73
11310832 115
11201561 119
11364782 107
11344719
11254477 134
11227493 106
11348601 126
10715269 131
10523316 131
10318598 133

Oral Midterm Grades

10341072 142/150
11135637 141/150
11346600 134/150
11327414 139/150
11190963 134/150
11203143 142/150
11251790 140/150
11187145 142/150
10523316 131/150
11357259 131/150
11355753 131/150

MIDTERM 1 UPDATE

The midterm will be given in 2 parts.

The first part will be Monday as planned (all but the essay). The Essay portion will be Wednesday.

IF you are taking the oral, you are excused from class Monday and Wednesday.

Grades

These grades reflect ONLY quiz scores. The blog points and class work will be added in and posted before Wednesday.

CWID Total 60
11283939
11274076 45
11200769 32
11322242 24
11298037 42
10001129 52
10676194 48
11357259 60
11386932 34
11361073 50
11364791 41
11135637 46
11294356 51
11214964 0
11309711 20
11350257 14
11341894 36
11355753 46
11311492 28
11346759 14
11293836 43
11252769 38
11347909 0
11261399 46
11302316 39
11336226 21
11346600 42
11351225 0
11327673 20
11360036 15
11358801 50
11273726 56
11253620 42
11297438 0
11189392 37
11345144 26
11253781 37
11363563 40
11265860 44
11358849 27
11292112 40
11160043 41
10344901 34
10341072 26
11296000 14
11357784 50
11258963 44
11276656 41
10478020 0
11260768 14
11337506 52
11278485 43
11310875 41
11259581 26
11336299 4
11327414 28
11363383 0
10068119 42
11262776 48
11202148 40
11306641 0
10714970 19
11335070 4
11176994 34
11362150 42
11362902 0
11251790 46
11386177 0
11349673 49
11339135 41
11290201 42
11162842 34
11375532 24
11190963 46
11362137 45
11345019 0
11345577 35
11343845 31
11187145 36
11203143 45
11310441 0
11174263 7
10341072 0
11296000 14
11256232 44
11297783 46
11341264 45
11310832 23
11201561 35
11364782 20
11344719 0
11254477 50
11227493 41
11348601 51
10715269 43
10523316 48
10318598 46
9

Oral Exam Schedule in CAC

10:55 Nicole L
11:05 Catherine C
11:15 Alicia G
11:25 Cat N
11:45 Robert A
11:55 Inas H
12:05 Seema R
12:15 Sami S
12:25 Ashley F
12:35 StevenT
12:45 Christina B
1:05 Maria D

Quizzes 3,4,5,6

Quiz 3
1. All human cultures develop religion or philosophical systems.
2. The 4 great Philosophical and Religious Revolutions: Chinese philosophy, Indian religion, Hebrew monotheism, Greek philosophy.
3. Legalism was type of Greek philosophy.
4. Greeks were the first who tried to explain the natural world without using gods.

5. In Buddhism all life is dukkha or joy.
6. In the Upanishads, samsara is an endless cycle of existence.
7. Hindu is not a term for a single or uniform religious culture.
8. Dao is the way.
9. Aristotle used empirical evidence.
10. Monotheism is belief in a single god.


TTFTF
TTTTT

Quiz 4
1. A Polis is a Greek city-state.
2. The hoplite phalanx was the main basis of Greek warfare.
3. A tyrant was a monarch who had gained power in an unorthodox way and maintained a one-man rule.
4. The Areopagus was made of warriors and ruled over Sparta.
5. By the sixth century, Greek cities in Asia Minor came under the control of the Persian Empire.

6. Philip II was from a family of nobles in Attica.
7. Some of the most spectacular intellectual accomplishments of the Hellenistic Age were in math and science.
8. Heliocentric theory places the earth at the center of the universe.
9. Thucydides wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars.
10. The Academy was founded by Plato.

TTTFT
FTFTT

Quiz 5
1. The Achaemenids were in Persia and the Mauryans were in India.
2. Zoroastrianism is polytheistic.
3. Shahanshah means “king of kings.”
4. States conquered by Persia were called satraps.
5. Darius I built the great palaces in Susa and Persepolis.

6. Chandragupta Maurya created the first true Egyptian empire.
7. Strong administration, an imperial ideal and Buddhism crushed the people of India.
8. The successors of the Indo-Greeks were steppe peoples.
9. The Kushan kingdom of India was one of four major centers of civilization in Eurasia.
10. Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Hinduism would come of age and spread through Asia at the same time.

TFTTT
FFTFT

Quiz 6
1. Civilization can be associated with the sophistication of people’s intellectual, cultural and artistic traditions.
2. In the story of Gikuyu a reason for matrilineal structure is given.
3. Africa is three and a half times the size of the continental United States.
4. The are four indigenous language families in Africa.
5. Kush was located in South Africa near the Kalahari Desert.

6. Aksum was located in the farthest tip of Southern Africa.
7. Aksum was the last Southern region to become Christian.
8. The Maasai were and still are cattle pastoralists proud of their separate language and culture.
9. Lack of writing about Africa makes it difficult for historians to have a full understanding of its history.
10. The Sahara is located in North Africa.

TTTTF
FFTTT

Essay Exam Writing Tips

Essays should fill at least four pages in a blue book (small writing, one side of paper).

Below are some tips.

PREPARATION BEFORE THE TEST

1. Questions could be one of three types: trace or narrate a story/process define the significance of something compare and contrast

2. The best way to prepare is to come to class, take notes, and form study groups. Brainstorm together and ask: "What facts need to be in this essay to make it complete?"

3. The essay questions are formed using the study guide. Use the study guide to help you. Read the text and review lectures for the additional information you will need.

4. Draft a list. List everything that will go toward making a full essay. This list will constitute the building blocks of your essay.

5. Demonstrate your this statement "in action," which means use examples. Incorporate facts and details. Don't ignore dates and places.

6. Memorize your list.

7. Conclude with, "What is the significance of all this?"

EXECUTION OF THE ESSAY ON EXAM DAY

8. Study the question randomly assigned to you (you will have already seen the possibilities on study guide).

9. Gauge time (about half hour).

10. Replicate the list you memorized in #4 above on scratch paper.

11. Think in terms of paragraphs. Let your list suggest the clusters that will comprise each paragraph.

12. Start each paragraph with a general statement. Then support your essay referring to your list.

13. Start writing.

OTHER POINTS

14. Refrain from moral judgment, religious confessional, or overdone Americanism. Adopt the stance of the dispassionate, scholarly observer.

15. Unlike a research paper, book review, or film review, your test essay is not expected to have polished style. However, it should demonstrate logical organization, critical thinking and mastery of content.

By Dr. Craig Livingston, revised by Prof. Ramsey

Midterm 1 Essay Questions (Oral exams too)

You will be required to answer one of the following two essay questions for the midterm:

Pick one of the following civilizations: Mesopotamia, Persia, or Egypt and compare and contrast it to one of the following civilizations: Greece, India or China. What were the political structures like? What were the religious and social structures of these communities? How was writing and architecture viewed in these cultures? Discuss how each dealt with warfare and contact from the outside. What was the role of women in these civilizations? Which group do you think was a “more successful society” and why? Make sure to note how were they similar or different?

Compare and contrast the civilizations of the early Greeks with the Greeks under Macedonian rule. How did the political structure change or remain the same? How did religious and social structures of these communities remain the same or change? How did the view of art, science and philosophy change? Discuss what changes occurred in warfare and contact from the outside. How and why was Alexander successful at “Hellenizing” his empire? What was the role of women in this new empire? Compare the role of the gods in The Iliad and Oedipus. What does that show about the changing Greek view of man’s place in the world and his relationship to the gods?

Study Guide Midterm 1 Part 2/3

Define:
Atman-Brahman
Atomists
Brahmanas
Covenant
Daoism
Dharma
Kindu
Jains
Karma
Messiah
Opolis
Samsara
Sophists


Compare and contrast Athens to Sparta. Discuss government, economics, social structure, warfare, culture and the role of women.

Why was Greek citizenship so prized? How were citizens able to participate in government? What is direct democracy?

Discuss Persia: culture, social structure, military, religion and rulers.
Why was the Achaemenid Empire success for so long? And what was their basis for power?

How was the Mauryan Empire created? What role did Greeks have in its creation? How did Ashoka develop Mauryan power and presitige?

Discuss the role of women in early civilizations and empire. Why do you think women were not valued like men?


What was Who is Darius III and why is he important? What were the battles he fought against Alexander and what happened?

Discuss in details what happened when Alexander conquered Persia?

Define:
Acropolis
Agora
Areopagus
Delian League
League of Corinth
Epicureans
Heliocentric theory
Hoplite phalanx
The Iliad and the Odyssey
Logos
Magna Graecia
Minoan
Mycenaean
Panhellenic
Peloponnesian War
Symposium
Slavery
Helot
Agoge


Discuss what contributions Philip of Macedonia made to Greece. How did he come to power? What critical decisions led to his success?

PP Notes Christianity

Jerusalem
Pax Romana
Centuries after the Roman Republic was established, and after the wars with Gaul, the Punic Wars with Carthage (Hannibal), the Macedonian Wars, and other civil wars and revolution, the great Pax Romana ensued, an age of relative peace and toleration…
The Roman Empire extended from Britain to Mesopotamia to Egypt, with a population of perhaps one hundred million people…
In 63 B.C. Pompey marched his Roman armies down the Jordan Valley and up to Jerusalem, entered the Holy of holies of the Temple, and proclaimed Jerusalem subject to the authority of Rome.

D.K. Ogden, Jerusalem the Eternal City, p. 153
Jesus of Nazareth
Born between 1 and 4 BCE, in Bethlehem (10 miles south of Jerusalem)
Legend of the Virgin Mary
Raised in Nazareth as a carpenter, spoke Aramaic
Follower of John the Baptist, embraced doctrine of baptism (like the Hindus)
Began his ministry near John’s arrest



Preached love of fellow man and God.
Doctrine of resurrection
Preformed miracles, healings and exorcists
The Sermon on the Mount
Enters Jerusalem on Passover, to visit the Temple (Jesus was a devout Jew)



Am empty tomb (3 days) and the last supper

Gnosticism: Egypt, Montanism in Asia Minor, Marcionism in Syria.

Catholicism was only one of dozens of "denominations" within the early church until it was adopted as the state religion of the Roman Empire.


After Death
The Apostles organize and preach, increasing the gentile population
The tradition remains oral
With the loss of the apostolic order, a new debate for hierarchy begins
Thus begins the title of “Bishop”
Constantine

Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).
324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration
Assimilation of paganism within the churhc: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.

Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been pentrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:

PP Notes ROME

ROME
The Aeneid by Virgil
After the defeat at Troy, Aeneid wondered the sea with those who would follow. A seven year odyssey followed, then he was led by the gods to what would be Italy. There began Italy and the seeds of Roman dominance.
Romulus and Remus
The Etruscans
Rome as a Republic: Around 509 BCE the Etruscan king was forced out of Rome, and the Senate became the ruling body.
An alliance with other Latin communities followed which helped Rome maintain its independence until 340 BCE.


Government and Law

Executive Branch
The two leaders of the executive branch, the consuls, were elected for just one year by the upper class. They supervised the Senate and ordered the Roman army during wars. Other members of the executive branch were the tax collectors, mayors, city police, and other people in positions of power in cities.



Judgment
Slander – clubbed to death
A thief - flogged, unless a slave- thrown off Tarpaian rock on Rome's Capitoline hill
Defrauding a client – executed
Perjury - executed
Judge who took a bribe – executed
Conspiring with an enemy or delivering a Roman citizen to an enemy – executed
Vestal Virgins who were unchaste - buried alive

Infant deformities - put to death shortly after birth, and parents could kill infants if at least five neighbors consented.
Roman Patriarchs - could sell his son or daughter into slavery, could have a rebellious son put to death, daughters could be sold in marriage, could choose son’s wife or declare when to divorce.
Slavery in Rome
Important part of Roman society:
-debtors could be forced into slavery
-children could be sold into slavery
-traitors or conquered peoples became slaves
-slaves had no rights – property.
- could be killed, sold or abused.
- they could earn money and eventually buy freedom.
Class System
Plebeians were common citizens.
Patricians were aristocracy.
Military created varying classes:
Plebeian cavalrymen were Equites.
Slaves were made up of conquered people and debtors.
Wars
Gauls-390 BCE
Samanite Wars- 343 – 282 BCE
Punic Wars- 264-241, 218-202, 149-146 BCE
Macedonian Wars- 215, 197, 168 BCE
Julius Caesar’s Campaigns
Battle of Pharsalus - 48 BCE
Battle of Actium - 31 BCE

Tiberius Gracchus
Noble family, valiant military leader - complained warriors did not receive appreciation for securing Rome and poor needed land
In 133 he was elected as a tribune – ultimately to be killed
First recorded, political murder in Rome, in 400 years
Gains would soon follow (123)
Julius Caesar
First dictator of Rome 49 – 44 BCE:
Started out in a Spanish posting, then went on to govern over public games
Eventually became a consul. Conquered areas of the Rhine –leading to an attack on Rome.
Thus Julius Caesar was voted Dictator.
The Egypt saga led to his assassination on the 15th of March 44 BCE
Thus begins the era of Caesars
Octavian Augustus Caesar
First Emperor of Rome (44 BCE – 14 AD):
Took the name of Augustus
Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son.
Defeated conservatives who had Caesar assassinated.
Defeated Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra in 27 BCE

THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME ENDED (70 BCE – 14 AD)

Religion

Pantheon of gods, Jupiter ruling on Mt. Olympus, patron god of Rome
Mars –god of land and war was important to Rome
Vesta – goddess of fire
Venus – bringer of good fortune and victory, protector of feminine chastity.
RELIGIOUS PARTICIPATION was a patriotic duty.
Pontifex Maximus – religious head of Roman church.
Economics and Trade

Economy - trade and now, war.

Slave populations - all time highs (as high as 80%), eventually devaluing the market.

War increased, farmers decreased having a direct impact on the growth of Roman crops.

Taxes and tributes helped fund building projects, the military and public works.
Booty from war helped raise the standard of living for soldiers at various times.
Merchant class contributed to the economy and politics
Roads, bridges, and cities were built.
Literature and the Arts
Horace –poet, adapted Greek poetic meters to Latin
Vergil – epic poet of the Golden Age, wrote Aeneid
Ovid – exiled by Augustus, wrote sensual poetry
Livy – historian, believed in the virtues

Science and Philosophy

Romans were much more conservative and inhibited than the Greeks.
Astronomy was rejected, as was Greek medicine and philosophy.
Advances in military technology were made, while manufacturing technology again suffered.

The Decline of Rome (began around 120 CE)

Government lacked fiscal resources to maintain vast empire.
Lack of cohesion made government unstable.
Continual war eventually weakened ties of loyalty, disturbed trade, city life, etc.

Economic disruption reduced prosperity and tax revenues (concentration of land, number of tenants increased).
Slavery declined and regions focused internally.
Epidemics significantly reduced populations sizes.

Notes PP Hebrews

Kush and Axum

Five Cultures
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus Valley
Shang China
Olmecs

Hebrews and Monotheism

Hebrew Society
Originally semi-nomadic herders (goats and sheep)
Lacked metal working, written language, sophisticated craftsmanship
Lived in tents
Patriarchal structure, tied to priesthood

Family and tribal loyalties
Justice was central to their life
Originally carried their religion with them:
Ark of the Covenant
Monotheism
Issues of El and Ba’al
Strife and conflict within Hebrew society
Validity of the Torah
Relationship between God and man

A Nation
The prophet Samuel selected a king
Saul, David, Solomon
Expansion and cohesion
Writing and calendaring are utilized
Warriors, taxes, trade, metallurgy, public works, agriculture

Israel and Judah split
Israel, Judah, Pheonicia, Damascus and Assyria politically embroiled
Weakening of a Hebrew nation ultimately led to displacement
Hebrew Writing

Record keeping people
Continuity of culture
Supports political life and commerce
Bears witness to relationship between the Hebrews and their god
Serves as historical insight
Religion

Ritual sacrifice
Priesthood
Annual holidays
Diet
Clothing/physical appearance
Temples and synagogues
Women
Sacred writings

The western wall of the Jewish temple

Notes Roman Government

EXECUTIVE BRANCH -- the elected magistrates
Collegiality: With the exception of the dictatorship, all offices were collegial, that is, held by at least two men. All members of a college were of equal rank and could veto acts of other members; higher magistrates could veto acts of lower magistrates. The name of each office listed below is followed (in parentheses) by the number of office-holders; note that in several cases the number changes over time (normally increasing).
Annual tenure: With the exception of the dictatorship (6 months) and the censorship (18 months), the term of office was limited to one year. The rules for holding office for multiple or sucessive terms were a matter of considerable contention over time.
CONSULS (2): chief civil and military magistrates; invested with imperium (consular imperium was considered maius ("greater") than that of praetors); convened senate and curiate and centuriate assemblies.
PRAETORS (2-8): had imperium; main functions (1) military commands (governors) (2) administered civil law at Rome.
AEDILES (2): plebian (plebian only) and curule (plebian or patrician); in charge of religious festivals, public games, temples, upkeep of city, regulation of marketplaces, grain supply.
QUAESTORS (2-40): financial officers and administrative assistants (civil and military); in charge of state treasury at Rome; in field, served as quartermasters and seconds- in-command.
TRIBUNES (2-10): charged with protection of lives and property of plebians; their persons were inviolable (sacrosanct); had power of veto (Lat. "I forbid") over elections, laws, decrees of the senate, and the acts of all other magistrates (except dictator); convened tribal assembly and elicited plebiscites, which after 287 B.C. (lex Hortensia) had force of law.
CENSORS (2): elected every 5 years to conduct census, enroll new citizens, review roll of senate; controlled public morals and supervised leasing of public contracts; in protocol ranked below praetors and above aediles, but in practice, the pinnacle of a senatorial career (ex- consuls only) -- enormous prestige and influence (auctoritas).
DICTATOR (1): in times of military emergency appointed by consuls; dictator appointed a Master of the Horse to lead cavalry; tenure limited to 6 months or duration of crisis, whichever was shorter; not subject to veto.
SENATE
-originally an advisory board composed of the heads of patrician families, came to be an assembly of former magistrates (ex-consuls, -praetors, and -questors, though the last appear to have had relatively little influence); the most powerful organ of Republican government and the only body of state that could develop consistent long-term policy.
-enacted "decrees of the senate" (senatus consulta), which apparenly had not formal authority, but often in practice decided matters.
-took cognizance of virtually all public matters, but most important areas of competence were in foreign policy (including the conduct of war) and financial administration.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH -- the three citizen assemblies (cf. Senate)
-all 3 assemblies included the entire electorate, but each had a different internal organization (and therefore differences in the weight of an individual citizen's vote).
-all 3 assemblies made up of voting units; the single vote of each voting unit determined by a majority of the voters in that unit; measures passed by a simple majority of the units.
-called comitia. specifically the comitia curiata, comitia centuriata, and comitia plebis tributa (also the concilium plebis or comitia populi tributa).
CURIATE ASSEMBLY: oldest (early Rome); units of organization: the 30 curiae (sing: curia) of the early city (10 for each of the early, "Romulan" tribes), based on clan and family associations; became obsolete as a legislative body but preserved functions of endowing senior magistrates with imperium and witnessing religious affairs. The head of each curia ages at least 50 and elected for life; assembly effectively controled by patricians, partially through clientela)
CENTURIATE ASSEMBLY: most important; units of organization: 193 centuries, based on wealth and age; originally military units with membership based on capability to furnish armed men in groups of 100 (convened outside pomerium); elected censors and magistrates with imperium (consuls and praetors); proper body for declaring war; passed some laws (leges, sing. lex); served as highest court of appeal in cases involving capital punishment. 118 centuries controlled by top 3 of 9 "classes" (minimum property qualifications for third class in first cent. B.C.-HS 75,000); assembly controlled by landed aristocracy.
TRIBAL ASSEMBLY: originally for election of tribunes and deliberation of plebeians; units of organization: the urban and 31 rural tribes, based on place of residence until 241 B.C., thereafter local significance largely lost; elected lower magistrates (tribunes, aediles, quaestors); since simpler to convene and register 35 tribes than 193 centuries, more frequently used to pass legislation (plebiscites). Voting in favor of 31 less densely populated rural tribes; presence in Rome require to cast ballot: assembly controlled by landed aristocracy (villa owners). Eventually became chief law-making body. < criminal and civil -- BRANCH>Civil litigation: chief official-Praetor. The praetor did not try cases but presided only in preliminary stages; determined nature of suit and issued a "formula" precisely defining the legal point(s) at issue, then assigned case to be tried before a delegated judge (iudex) or board of arbiters (3-5 recuperatores for minor cases, one of the four panels of "The one hundred men" (centumviri) for causes célèbres (inheritances and financial affairs of the rich)). Judge or arbiters heard case, rendered judgment, and imposed fine.
Criminal prosecution: originally major crimes against the state tried before centuriate assembly, but by late Republic (after Sulla) most cases prosecuted before one of the quaestiones perpetuae ("standing jury courts"), each with a specific jurisdiction, e.g., treason (maiestas), electoral corruption (ambitus), extortion in the provinces (repetundae), embezzlement of public funds, murder and poisoning, forgery, violence (vis), etc. Juries were large (c. 50-75 members), composed of senators and (after the tribunate of C. Gracchus in 122) knights, and were empanelled from an annual list of eligible jurors (briefly restricted to the senate again by Sulla).
OTHER
First plebeian consul in 366 B.C., first plebeian dictator 356, first plebeian censor 351, first plebeian praetor 336.
The many priestly colleges (flamines, augures, pontifex maximus, etc.) were also state offices, held mostly by patricians.
Imperium is the power of magistrates to command armies and (within limits) to coerce citizens.

Study Guide Midterm 1 Part 1/3

Review ALL Quizzes

How do the works, The Epic of Gilgamesh and Hammurabi’s Code reflect similar or different values to the Modern World?

What is a patriarchal society? What is a matriarchal society? Discuss sedentary civilization and the relationship to agriculture. How did nomadic groups spread

How are the values of Eastern cultures different from Western religious ideas?

What is polytheism? Monotheism?

What changed from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age? And Bronze Age to Iron age?

Discuss Neolithic man and hunter gatherer groups. What was religion like for these human and what was the role of men and women like?

What was the first civilization? Where was it located and why is this significant?

What is the difference between a sedentary community and a civilization?

What is the difference between civilization and empire?

Discuss the five river valley civilizations: where (on a map) are they located, what were the cultures, religion, languages and social structure like? How were they governed? What was the role of women in these societies? Slaves? What were the laws like?

What is the Four Great Revolutions? Why are they historically significant?

Discuss life in Egypt: social structure, religion, culture and war. Why was writing important?

Discuss the building of the Pyramids and the process of mummification.

Why was Egypt so successful at maintaining its culture and civilization for so long? How long did it last?

Why were the Assyrians so successful at establishing their Near Eastern Empire? How did it differ from the Hittites and Egyptians?

How is the history of the early Indus Valley civilizations differ from those in China, Mesopotamia and Egypt?

What were the stages of early Chinese history?
Discuss the Olmec civilization.

Define:
Cuneiform
Hieroglyphs
Indo-Euroepean
Aryans
Mahabharata and Ramayana
Mandate of Heaven
Paleolitic Age
Pharaoh
Raja
Upanishads
Vedas


Why was Chinese philosophy important? Identify and discuss: Legalism, Daoism, and Confucianism?

Why is Hebrew Monotheism important?

Discuss the Indian religion and Hinduism.

Study Guide Midterm 1 Part 3/3

The classical society of Greece flourished at what time?

Who was Alexander the Great? What was the “Hellenistic Period?”

Describe Greek polytheism. Be able to indentify the major gods and goddesses.

After adopting the Phoenician’s alphabet, the Iliad and the Odyssey were recorded. How did this affirm a mythic foundation for their culture?

What is the nature of Zeus in the Iliad? Who are Achilles and Hektor?

What is a Polis? How did its creation eventually influence loyalty within Greece?

Compare the political structure of Greece to China and Egypt.

How did the Peloponnesian War affect Athens, Sparta, and Greece as a nation?

What stopped Alexander’s (the Great) desire for a ‘multinational empire?’

Who was Aristotle? Who was Plato? And who were the Stoics? What were their political views?

Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.

What was lyric poetry?

What was the social structure of Greek society? How did economics (trade,
commerce and agriculture) influence Greece? How were women viewed? Slavery? Class divisions? Education?

What trends of Greek society do we see in the world today?

Define:
Cyrus the Great
Socrates
Direct democracy
Pericles
Persian Wars
Sophocles
Alexandria


How were the Romans related to the Greeks? What traditions did they carry on? What were their religious beliefs/institutions?

What was the political structure of Rome? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics?

Who made up Roman armies? How did Rome maintain and encourage loyalty, even with conquered peoples?

How did the wealth of war effect Roman society? And the structure of local government?

Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.

What was Augustus’ major contribution to Rome?

Discuss taxation, commerce and public works.

Discuss the origins of Christianity. Who was Jesus of Nazareth?

How was the Christian church organized? Why did they use Greek?

What elements led to Rome’s decline?

What in society today comes from Rome?

Compare and contrast Greece, Rome, China and Egypt.

Define:
Etruscans
Plebeians
Carthage
Republic
Vergil
Ovid
Natural Law
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul

Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another? Discuss Christian theology.

What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?

How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?

According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?

What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?

What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?

Define:
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion

PP Notes Persia and Greece

The Achaemenid Period The Hellenistic World
Persia: First Empire
Expansion to control Near East:
Cyrus the Great – Babylon 539 BCE
Expansion into Egypt, Asia Minor

Attacks Greek city-states:
Darius I attacks Greek mainland
Persians invade again under Xerxes

Ideology of rule:
Persian ruler was ‘King of Kings’ (shahanshah)
Satraps – local rulers over native region




Achaemenid Dynasty
Cyrus the Great, 559 – 530 BCE
Created empire, start of dynasty

Darius I, 522 – 486 BCE
Developed mature empire
Empire expands to largest extent

Xerxes, 486 – 465 BCE
Lost battle against Greece
Ended expansion
Stable period until civil war 404

Persian Decline: ends with Macedon conquest

Last Achaemenid: Darius III, 336 – 330 BCE
Cyrus Cylinder

I am Cyrus, King of the globe, great king, mighty king, King of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akad, King of ......, king of the four quarters of Earth, son of Cambysis (Kambujiye), great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus (Kurosh), great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes (Chaish Pish), great king, king of Anshan, progeny of an unending royal line, whose rule, The Gods, Bel and Nabu cherish, whose kingship they desire for their hearts' and pleasures.
When I … entered Babylon, I had established the seat of government… Marduk the great god, induced the magnanimous inhabitants of Babylon to love me, and I sought daily to worship him … I did not allow anyone to terrorize the people of the lands of Sumer and Akad and ...... I kept in view, the needs of the people and all their sanctuaries to promote their well being. I strove for peace in Babylon ... As to the inhabitants of Babylon who against the will of the gods were enslaved, I abolished the corvee … I brought relief to their dilapidated housing… Marduk, the great lord, was well pleased with my deeds, rejoiced and to me, Cyrus, the king who worshipped him… to all my troops he graciously gave his blessing, and in good sprit, before him we stood peacefully and praised him joyously.
All the kings who sat in throne rooms, throughout the four quarters, from the Upper Sea (Mediterranean Sea) to the Lower Sea (Persian Gulf), those who dwelt in ...... the holy cities beyond the Tigris River, whose sanctuaries had been in ruins over a long period, the gods whose abode is in the midst of them, I returned to their places and housed them in lasting abodes.
I also gathered all their former inhabitants and returned to them their habitations. Furthermore, I resettled upon the command of Marduk, the great lord, all the gods of Sumer …into Babylon to the anger of the lord of the gods, unharmed, in their former chapels…

Rise of Macedon
Philip of Macedon:
Fall of Greece
End of Athenian democracy

Alexander the Great:
Conquers Persia
Extends empire to India
Spreads Greek culture to the east
Intermarries and has his soldiers do so
Dies young, causing empire to be divided
Empire split into different kingdoms

The Hellenistic Kingdoms
Ptolemies:
Names for Ptolemy – last Egyptian monarch was Cleopatra
Rule from Alexandria

Seleucids:
Named for Seleucus
Ruled from Mesopotamia and Antioch
Lost Mesopotamia (to kingdom of Parthia)

Ptolemies and Seleucids fight over Levant:
Replicates pattern of empires of the Bronze Age
Shapes early history of Judaism
Independent Jewish state under Maccabees

Other kingdoms:
Pergamum – city on coast of Asia Minor (Attalid dynasty)
Antigonids – would control Greece, Macedon and parts of Asia Minor

PP Notes Persia

Persia

Located in modern day Iran
Medes unified Persia in 625 BCE
Achaemenid Dynasty 550 – 330 BCE
Empire – Middle East, Greece and central Asia

Achaemenid Dynasty – Great builders
Zoroastrianism:
Monotheistic, virgin birth, heaven
Advanced craftmanship
Persian carpets, textiles, pottery, jewelry, metallurgy

Persian Army
Elite Corps – Immortal 10,000
With this the Royal Guard
Decimal – Divisions of 10,000, Battalions of 1000, Companies of 100 and Squads of 10

Empire:
Satrap: conquered regions (20 to 30 a time)
Tax: sliding scale depending on Satrap and productivity (paid in gold or silver, grains, goods, etc)
Persia: No taxes

First capital was at Susa
Built a canal between Nile and Red Sea
Developed a major road system
Minted coins
Highly organized and effective administration
Was the largest empire (under Cyrus and Darius) human history to that point
Practiced tolerance and respect for other religions/cultures

PP Notes Alexander

Alexander the Great


Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
Using the Macedon hegemony, he unified Greek city-states
This was called the‘League of Corinth’


His son, Alexander the Great (aka Alexander III of Macedon), defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Started his campaign Archaemenid Persian Empire
The went on to aquire Anatolia, Syria, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, Bactria and Mesopotamia
Considered one of the most successful military leaders of all time
Undefeated
Dominated Egypt to Persia and India (Punjab) but was halted by military mutiny

Intended to move into Arabian Peninsula
Left men behind in conquered areas
Incorporated foreigners into his army
‘Policy of fusion’
Aristotle had been his tutor – rhetoric, literature, science, math, philosophy
Alexander had the skills of great diplomacy when it served him


Would adopt some local customs and make them his own
He had a life long companion: Hephaestion
Three wives: Roxana of a Bactrian nobleman, Statiera a Persian Princess and Parysatis also Persian


Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.

“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture

Executed those regents over conquered lands who did not behave - loyalty
For twelve straight years he campaigned and expanded his Empire
Died young (323 BCE) in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon
thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Many theories regarding his death, but no set heir
Empire is divided up
Poltemaic Egypt
Took on the role of Pharaoh
Cultural preservation, imbued with Hellinisim (upper levels of society)
Gap between rich and poor increased
Enjoyed peace until internal rebellion
Alexandria would thrive
Seleucid Asia
Would not hold the boarders
Allowed some autonomy, again imparting Hellenic culture
Persian dynastic rule
Continued planting cities: Antioch
Large tax collectin
Antigonid Macedon /Greece
Instability
Strong military and dominated Aegean
Stoic approach
Dealt with uprisings: Aetolian League and Achaean League
Greek Culture
Arts: idealistic, romantic, tolerant
Drama: tragedy, passion, satire, steeped in social and political commentary
Literature: Epics, great drama
Greek Culture
Philosophy: involved in politics, relative to experience, forms and virtuous life
Science:
War: strong dependence on hopelite tactics, naval strength

PP Notes Sparta

SPARTA
Timeline
2000 – 1600 BCE Middle Bronze Age
1600 – 1100 Late Bronze Age (Mycenaean Age)
1200 Downfall of Bronze Age
1000 Dorians settle Sparta and Laconia
800 Sparta expands to include Amyclae
776 Olympic Games founded
735 Spartans invade Messenia (First Messenian War)
720 Accession of Theopompus
490 Battle of Marathon
480 Battle of Thermopylae
478 Sparta withdraws from anti-Persian alliance
464 Great Earthquake at Sparta
445 30 Years’ Peace with Athenian alliance
431 Peloponnesian War Begins


(Mainly focus on Sparta from 480 – 360)

By the 7th century:
Laconia was ruled by the Dorians
Eurotas Valley is fertile due to the Eurotas River
LYCURGUS
Lycurgus is the ruler credited with designing the social and political system of Sparta
Plutarch claimed that it is likely he was more than one ruler (a composite)
-legend has it that upon a moment of extreme crisis he convinced Spartans to turn their society over to him, including the implementation of Agoge
SPARTAN STATE
Totalitarian
Patriarchal
Warrior based
Valued ‘might’

Two Kings (descended from Heracles) were seen as ‘first among equals’
Ephors – five advisors to the kings (often held the power)
Gerousia – council of elders who advised the assembly of citizens
Damos – Citizen assembly (warrior citizens were equals)
(Only men)

Limited to a warrior class – land ownership
Wealth which freed men up to serve in the military and focus on training
Nature of citizenship kept military elite to a small number (not even kings could survive mistakes in battle)
Forbidden to engage in trade or craft of any type

Spartan Citizens - Land owning men who were native to Sparta (had political voice and subject to military training)
Other Laconians (not Sparta born) – free and could be conscripted into military service but not citizens
Women and slaves were not part of the system: Property
Serfs (Helots) were non-people (animals)
HELOTS
-most important group in Sparta, provided economic base
-subjugated for 300 years by Spartans
-native residents of empire who were not Spartan citizens
MAKING AN ARMY



UNIFORM
COMBAT
ANDREIA – virility or manliness (courage required to fight in hoplite combat)
Hoplite – ferocious, hand to hand combat
Phalanx – infantry formation, tight knit, shields up and interlocked creating a type of protective shell over the men
VIRTUES
Courage
Blind faith
Complete obedience
Denial of pain or bodily discomfort (cold, heat, hunger)
Rejection of ‘civilized’ comfort (hence the modern use of ‘laconic’)
VALUES
Legal limit on personal possessions
Jewelry and precious metal was outlawed
Used iron (unattractive, heavy) as currency
Generated an ‘esprit de corps’ among Spartans
GLORY - Only via battle
WAR
Calculated the cost of engaging in battle
Amassed as many allies as possible
Core of the military unit were always Spartans
Led by Spartan kings
SPARTA & ATHENS

PP Notes Greece

Greece
Mycenaean
Wandering tribes mixed with indigenous people by 16th century BCE
1500BCE Mycenaean (Achaean by Homer) included Crete
1300 BCE Mycenaean culture spread to Asia Minor and Italy
The capital was Troy, located in modern day Turkey
THIS IS THE PEOPLE OF HOMER’S SONG

After the Mycenaean, the Dorians came to rule over Greece
They were not as skilled as the Mycenaean – they were farmers and peasants
Did not use writing
Thus this time was called the dark ages
The people of this 300 year period digressed
Wars
Trojan War – 12th century BCE
Persian War I – Darius went along the Aegean Sea (attempted to take Athens)
“Battle of Marathon”
Persian War II – 480 BCE Xerxes attacked Athens

The Peloponnesian War –4th century BCE (lasted 30 years)
Macedon Conquest – 349 BCE
Alexanders’ Empire –
334- 333 BCE Persia (Asia Minor, the Middle East, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran)
327 BCE After gaining Pakistan, had to stop
Greece is divided


Greece Emerges
The Phoenician alphabet is borrowed and changed
Literacy expands commerce, culture and education
Oral traditions written
Democracy develops in Athens
Emphasis on excellence becomes a cultural trait
Monetary system

Cyrus the Great held the Persian Empire out of Mesopotamia
Were a constant threat to the Greeks
Strong in iron technology

Zoroaster (virgin birth) and final judgment -monotheistic
Regional autonomy and vast highway systems
Monetary system (dual metals)


Greece and the Polis
Polis - city/state with local officials
Polis included the city as well as surrounding lands
Nobles and free farmers openly discussed issues in “councils”

A wider gap developed between the rich and poor
Military participation became mandatory
Loyalty shifted from the individual to the state
Religious participation was as much a part of political life as was “politics”

Greek Politics
Religion

Each city had a patron god or goddess – human in nature
Temples were built to honor gods and make sacrifices
Oracles and priests resided at the temples
Religious participation was important in Greek life
Drama developed from religious ceremony and festival

Science, Philosophy and the Arts

Cities had the same forms of pottery, architecture, sculpting metal work and worship (Delphi) –brightly colored
Schools of learning were started (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle) and concepts of mathematics, astronomy, geometry, logic, rhetoric, etc.


City-states participated in the Olympics together
Designated time of peace
Offerings made to Zeus
Youth and beauty became important
Sexual liberties in youth were popular

The beginnings of Drama and theater
Epic forms of literature and poetry were vital
Open political forums were an expectation on the citizen
The sons of nobles were educated in Philosophy
Economics and Trade

Due to poor agricultural conditions, trade was a critical component of life
They became an expert of “import/export” trading
This led to the presence of a large and wealthy merchant class (which could lobby)

The stronger Greece became, the more slaves it accumulated which slowed manufacturing technology
Aristocratic dominance in politics/society
Trade and economics were tied to the advanced seamanship of the Greeks


The Hellenistic Period 800 – 400 BCE

Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
His son, Alexander the Great, defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Dominated Egypt, India but was halted by military mutiny


Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”

Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Died young and thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Aristotle 384-322 BCE

PP Notes Olmec, Ancient America

North America
Stone age tribes around 9500 BCE
By 800 BCE small farming in Ohio River valley (evidence of copper)
Bow and arrow replaced the spear by 400 BCE
By 300 BCE settled villages in British Columbia, Ohio and Illinois

North American Nations

Anasazi “ancient ones” located near the four corners, most influential in the southwest. (began taking form 100 BCE)
“Mound People” – worshipped their gods – located near the Mississippi
More than 200 different languages among North American tribes
Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica stretches from Mexico’s central plain to Costa Rica
Beginnings of civilization around 12000 BCE (300-400 yrs. after Shang)
Depended on corn, beans and wild turkey –used only digging sticks

Olmecs (2000 – 400 BCE)

Olmecs – first civilization located in southern Mexico (until 100 CE) -preclassic
Pottery, jade carvings, sculptures
Polytheistic, had writing and mathematics
Considered the founder of most other Mesoamerican tribes

Teotihuacan (450 – 750 BCE)

Teotihuacan (now Mexico city) Classic
By 500 CE Teotihuacan was the most populated city in the world (150,000 to 200,000)
Obsidian, ceramic figures
Culture spread north into the U.S. and south into Guatemala



Writing/numbering system
Formalized religion came with the formation of an empire
Numerous temples and two pyramids dedicated to the sun and moon

Polytheistic: Quetzalcoatl was the main god – feathered snake god of fertility
Stone carvings of people at play, in song, in gardens, near streams and mountains depicted heaven
Toltecs 950 – 1150 CE Post-classic




Mesoamerican region
Lived in a tropical rain forest in Guatemala and Belize
Agricultural community: beans, maize, chili peppers and squash
Made clay, cloth, rope, nets, string
Around 900 BCE migrated into Yucatan Peninsula

By first century, traded with Teotihuacan
Complex family units, cities, temples: class division, private property
Built with limestone, coral, and plaster
Had writing and numbering system (including zero)

Religion

Trances/Visions: dancing, blood letting, hallucinogenic enemas, used the mushroom: psilocybim, flowers, toads, etc.
Sacred written texts
Popol Vuh was sacred mythology
Xibalba was the under world





Hunaphu and Ixbalanque – hero twins – played ball game in Xibalba and won. Most important thing you can be is a trickster, could outwit the gods. Really appreciated witty individuals. (Moon has a trickster)

All movements in the story of the twins represents solar movement, i.e. descending into Xibalba represents retrograde motion of Venus (disappears), mnemonic devices to plot movements of the universe
“Popol Vuh” – people of the mat.
Michael Coe wrote “Breaking the Maya Code” – took a Russian, Uri Knorosov, during the cold war, with outdated equipment (there was no Rosetta Stone until De Landa’s letters regarding Chi’s )


The Aztec Calendar

Aztecs 1345 – 1521 CE

In the Mesoamerican region
Came to Mexico from a Southwestern region in the United States
Capital was called Tenochtitlan (no comparison in 16th century Europe, when Cortes landed). 250,000 inhabitants
The plaza on the island represented the Mesoamerican universe. Pyramids, large buildings, temples and homes.
Transportation was mainly canoes, much like in Venice.
The Sport of Life and Death
Played a sacred ball game for 3000 years: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras.
More than 1560 courts have been discovered. Use of a heavy rubber ball, and a ring. Teams of two to seven, wore yokes, shoulder pads, hip covers and helmets – losers were sacrificed. Ball represents trajectory of a planet and set in ground – near underworld, supernatural.
Wagering was an important part of the games.

Religion
Human sacrifice
Complex calendaring
Polytheism
Human sacrifice
South America
Hunting-gathering tribes as early as 9000 BCE
By 2500 BCE people in the Andes (Peru) were raising Llama, growing plants, corn and potatoes
By 500 BCE complex societies on southern coast of Ecuador, southern highlands of Columbia

Lyric Poetry

Lyric poetry for the ancient Greeks had a precise and technical meaning: verse that was accompanied by the lyre. The lyric poet was classified as distinct from the writer of plays (which were spoken rather than sung), the writer of trochaic and iambic verses (which were recited), from the writer of elegies (which were accompanied by the flute, rather than the lyre) and the writer of epics. The scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria identified nine lyric poets worthy of critical study. These archaic Greek musician-poets included Sappho, Pindar, Anacreon and Alcaeus. The metrical forms characteristic of ancient Greek sung verse are strophes, antistrophes and epodes.

Meters
Much lyric poetry depends on regular meter based either on number of syllables or on stress. The most common meters are as follows:

• Iambic - two syllables, with the long or stressed syllable following the short or unstressed syllable.
• Trochaic - two syllables, with the short or unstressed syllable following the long or stressed syllable.
• Anapestic - three syllables, with the first two short or unstressed and the last long or stressed.
• Dactylic - three syllables, with the first one long or stressed and the other two short or unstressed.

Some forms have a combination of meters, often using a different meter for the refrain. Each meter can have any number of elements, called feet. The most common meter in English is iambic pentameter, with five iambs per line. The most common in French is the alexandrin, with twelve syllables. In English, the alexandrine is iambic hexameter.

Chinese and Indian Philosophy NOTES

Hinduism (800 BCE):
Hinduism is a result of Aryan religion combined with local ideas of native Indus Valley peoples. There are many gods in Hinduism (and yet one god). People are believed to be inherently good, and sin is seen as a force on the outside (not a flaw of the human character). Originally an oral tradition, the hymns of the warrior culture were eventually written and are the sacred texts, the VEDAS, of which there are four:
Rig Veda – hymns and devotional incantations
Yajur Veda – Sacrificial rituals
Sama Veda – focused on Indra, the main god (war and thunder)
Atharya Veda – Prayer hymns rituals of love, health, etc.
Also a sacred text, is the Upanishads (found at the end of the four Vedas) which consists of more than 200 books written over 200 years. It explains that we have spirits and souls and that the soul can migrate into other beings. It discusses rebirth, and that one’s station is dependent upon how well one did in his/her former life. It claims that “god” can also be found within a person and that self awareness (controlling physical lusts) leads to enlightenment.

Buddhism (600 BCE):
The founder of Buddhism was Siddhartha Gautama. He rejected the Hindu gods, their animal sacrifices, dependence upon gods and dismissed the caste system based on bloodlines. Buddha means “The Awakened One.” Buddhism focuses on self responsibility while breaking the cycle of rebirths.
There are four truths in Buddhism:
1. Life is painful.
2. Selfish desire is the origin of pain and suffering.
3. Craving, the origin of suffering, can be eliminated.
4. The Eightfold Middle Path leads to extinction of suffering.
In Buddhism, knowing these truths and behaving without guile (language, actions, sexual relations, violence, livelihood) toward any one or anything is the start of the path (Eightfold) toward Nirvana (extinction of individuality and the end of rebirths).
There are five main rules in Buddhism:
1. Understand that change is the only constant (contrary to Hinduism)
2. Proper Attitude – do not expect the impossible, just accept the inevitable (show self control over one’s appetites)
3. Proper Speech – One’s words precede one’s actions
4. Proper Action – Avoidance of lustful acts
5. Do not injure other living things (drink, sex, lies, etc.)

Taoism (600 BCE):
Lao Tzu was born an old man, after his mother was pregnant for 62 years. His name means “Old Boy.” As an adult, Lao Tzu was a politician in the Chou dynasty. After years of service he became disillusioned with government and rejected it entirely (wrote the Tao Te Ching). Thus Taoism takes on a non-structured shape, a more intuitive approach of life.
An important part of Taoism is the Yin-yang.
The Yin is feminine, dark, cold, weak, negative, sluggish, wet, earth, moon and north. The Yang is masculine, light, heat, strong, positive, aggressive, dry, sky, heaven and sun. Rather than thinking of them as opposites, a more accurate conception would be like viewing the Yin-yang as two inseparable ends of the same stick. Their interaction, flux and flow, their very balance is what creates the Way or the universe.
The central idea behind Taoism is the concept of “The Way.” The Way is the force or pulse of the universe. It is the natural order of all things. One cannot force him or herself to find the way, rather submission to the natural order will in itself, bring one to the Way. If people live in harmony with the Wu-Wei (the Way), then happiness, peace and wisdom will result. The Wu-Wei is literally, non-action. There must be balance in all things because nothing can really be forced. Resisting the way only makes the process harder for the person experiencing it. “Force defeats itself.” For example, a leader who is not too strong will find success, and the more laws there are, the more thieves there will be. The critical thing is to be an “uncarved block.” That is to be unaffected by the deviation of the Way by others. - And to be able to sense the Way for yourself, without acting for it.
This is a rejection of society to some extent and a return to nature. Adherence to these relationships comes from sensing one’s “Way,” but it is critical to understand this is not an individualistic approach. The key to Taoism is living in harmony with the ethics and order of the universe. Taoism is unstructured and intuition based but means one is open to new directions.

Confucianism (600 BCE):
Confucius was a historian and an educator. He was deemed the “champion of Chinese culture” by ‘heaven.’ Confucius developed the idea of the “Superior Man” which is a true gentleman, meaning one is not petty, mean or vulgar. The true gentleman has inner virtue and exterior composure. In Confucianism, virtue consists of five attributes:
1. Integrity
2. Righteousness
3. Conscientiousness to others/loyalty
4. Altruism/reciprocity
5. Benevolence

While Confucius recognized a sort of “heaven,” the most important component of Confucianism is proper behavior. For example, there are five social relationships in Confucianism:

Behavior Role Role Behavior

Benevolent Master Servant Loyal
Loving Father Son Reverential and obedient
Good Husband Wife Attentive
Gentle Elder Younger Respectful
Considerate Older Friend Younger Friend Deferential

One must have proper behavior and order in all actions as we are all connected through our relations. (And one must respect those who are older.) This is the Way to attain the level of a “Superior Man.” Confucianism ultimately seeks structure, order and conformity.

Legalism (300 BCE):
Han Feizi was the main scholar behind Chinese Legalism. Legalism valued human beings as inherently evil, and thus in need of strong government. The law was to be indisputable. By appointing strong, authoritarian leaders to uphold the law, the law is preserved. Further, it is the duty of the state to expand and to impose its laws on all of its subjects. By giving citizens rewards for their obedience, it maintains the state and structural integrity of the nation. Independent thought, actions or contrary groups are not tolerated as they jeopardize the higher good of the state. It is actually the “duty” of the government to breed insecurity and interdependence among the population. Fundamentally, men are not to be trusted, thus “measures” can be put in place (no matter how stringent) to ensure the success of the state.


VOCABULARY

Huanghe or Yellow River basin – Location of first Chinese civilization around 1500BCE
Shang – First Chinese dynasty
Vedas – Aryans hymns written in sacred books
Yu – mythical king that developed flood control for the Huanghe River
Xia – first (not documented) kingdom, ruled by Yu
Feudalism – social structure which exchanged land for oaths of allegiance- Shang dynasty
Qin – dynasty (221 – 207 BCE) founded at the end of the Warring States period
Shi Huangdi – founder of Qin dynasty, first emperor of China
Mencius – major follower of Confucius, believed humans were good/governments need consent of people
Xunzi – follower of Confucius – believed people to be lazy/need authoritarian government
Laozi – Chinese Taoist philosopher – believed in retreating into nature.
Great Wall – Chinese defensive built against northern nomadic invaders
Sunzi – author of The Art of War, argued war was part of the state and should be approached scientifically
Forbidden city – imperial precinct in Chinese capitals, only royal family and household allowed inside.
Rama – major figure in the Indian epic Ramayana -
Dharma – caste position determined by one’s birth.
Transmigration – belief in reincarnation into other bodies
Upanishads – Indian sacred writings (end of the Vedas)

Egypt 10/10

Egypt 9/10

Egypt 8/10

Egypt 7/10

Video 6/10

Egypt Video 5/10

Egypt Video 4/10