GRADES for 3A (these are the final grade total for the class)

Total Possible ended up at: 560 points

11274076 491
11200769 438
11322242 451
11298037 509
10001129 527
10676194 481
11357259 518
11386932 450
11361073 463
11364791 469
11135637 562
11294356 519
11309711 263
11350257 408
11341894 491
11355753 81
11311492 430
11293836 468
11252769 430
11261399 469
11302316 177
11336226 541
11346600 485
11327673 452
11358801 540
11273726 515
11253620 447
11189392 240
11345144 444
11253781 454
11363563 433
11265860 283
11358849 470
11292112 456
11160043 378
10344901 534
10341072 200
11296000 542
11357784 536
11258963 404
11276656 541
11337506 483
11278485 365
11310875 196
11259581 469
11327414 445
10068119 532
11262776 429
11202148 391
10714970 300
11176994 521
11251790 523
11349673 483
11339135 492
11290201 185
11162842 280
11375532 535
11190963 464
11362137 490
11345577 507
11187145 531
11203143 400
11174263 177
10341072 522
11256232 379
11297783 392
11341264 203
11310832 345
11201561 198
11364782 474
11254477 433
11227493 530
11348601 523
10715269 453
10523316 487
10318598 44

FINAL Project Debate Grade (Total 150)

11274076 140
11200769 137
11322242 150
11298037 145
10001129 150
10676194 137
11357259 142
11386932 145
11361073 139
11364791 140
11135637 150
11294356 133
11309711
11350257 140
11341894 140
11355753
11311492 145
11293836 145
11252769 100
11261399 143
11302316
11336226 150
11346600 130
11327673 100
11358801 145
11273726 135
11253620 137
11189392
11345144 140
11253781 140
11363563 100
11265860
11358849 135
11292112 100
11160043 100
10344901 150
10341072
11296000 145
11357784 145
11258963 100
11276656 145
11337506 140
11278485 100
11310875
11259581 135
11327414 138
10068119 140
11262776 140
11202148 140
10714970 135
11176994 140
11251790 145
11349673 145
11339135 137
11290201
11162842
11375532 145
11190963 137
11362137 145
11345577 150
11187145 145
11203143 135
11174263
10341072 150
11256232 120
11297783 120
11341264
11310832 135
11201561
11364782 139
11254477 135
11227493 145
11348601 145
10715269 135
10523316 140
10318598

Quiz 10 grades

CWID
11274076 7
11200769 4
11322242 8
11298037 8
10001129 5
10676194 6
11357259 7
11386932 7
11361073 8
11364791 6
11135637 6
11294356 7
11309711 4
11350257 10
11341894 6
11355753
11311492 8
11293836 6
11252769 6
11261399 8
11302316
11336226 7
11346600 8
11327673 7
11358801 7
11273726 8
11253620 5
11189392 7
11345144 7
11253781 7
11363563 6
11265860 7
11358849 6
11292112 9
11160043 6
10344901 7
10341072
11296000 7
11357784 5
11258963 5
11276656 7
11337506 7
11278485 5
11310875 3
11259581 8
11327414 8
10068119 7
11262776 6
11202148 6
10714970
11176994 8
11251790 9
11349673 9
11339135 6
11290201
11162842 7
11375532 7
11190963 8
11362137
11345577
11187145 8
11203143 4
11174263
10341072 8
11256232 7
11297783 6
11341264
11310832
11201561
11364782 9
11254477 7
11227493 7
11348601 6
10715269 8
10523316 8
10318598

Midterm 2 Grades (Total possible 100)

11274076 80
11200769 82
11322242 62
11298037 64
10001129 84
10676194 66
11357259 65
11386932 74
11361073 62
11364791 65
11135637 93
11294356 82
11309711 60
11350257 54
11341894 70
11355753
11311492 60
11293836 66
11252769 65
11261399 45
11302316
11336226 80
11346600 65
11327673 64
11358801 85
11273726 74
11253620 62
11189392 50
11345144 65
11253781 64
11363563 45
11265860 50
11358849 61
11292112 89
11160043 60
10344901 90
10341072 90
11296000 82
11357784 90
11258963 58
11276656 84
11337506 65
11278485 38
11310875
11259581 70
11327414 87
10068119 86
11262776
11202148 55
10714970 44
11176994 87
11251790 74
11349673 66
11339135 64
11290201
11162842 65
11375532 76
11190963 64
11362137 80
11345577 70
11187145 86
11203143 90
11174263
10341072 78
11256232 64
11297783 54
11341264
11310832
11201561
11364782 65
11254477 54
11227493 84
11348601 86
10715269 65
10523316 60
10318598

PP Notes Inca

Tawantinsuyu or “Inca” 1200-1532 CE

Andean Region
From Colombia to Chile (2500 miles north to south)
From the coast to the Amazon (380,000 square miles in all)
1200 BCE – first Inca
Largest nation on earth



Cuzco (“navel”) was the capital
Legend of Inca origin
Quechua was the spoken language
Tawantinsuyu - Tawan means 4 – empire was divided into four regions
14,000 mile-long road system linking the capital to its empire (through the Andes)

Lodges, store houses, temples and posts along the way (roads kept clear no matter the location)
10 million subjects at its peak
Taxes in labor
Fierce warriors, but life was very peaceful

Daily life was spent at up to 15,000 ft
Ritual life up to 22,000 ft (in Chile)
Clothing was still minimal, even sandals were still used

The 3 laws:
Don’t steal,
Don’t lie
Don’t be lazy

Resulting in:
pushed from cliffs, hands, eyes or lips cut off, hung up to starve to death

Inca Architecture
Locking stones
Lacked any type of mortar
Used gold and silver
Story of cornfields and llamas

Irrigation System

Irrigation was complex and essentially in steppe farming
Have to reach multilevel sections
It was also a source of ritual
Developed methods of crop dusting
Highly advanced in cultivating crops
Religion

Polytheism
Worshipped the sun “Inti”
Condor represented heaven, anaconda for the underworld, Puma was the brother who resided on earth

Human sacrifice/child sacrifice (used chicha)
Mummies (royalty found in frozen peaks of the Andes) Kings did not rob dead kings
Story of Tanta Carhua
Complex calendaring

PP Notes Constantine

Constantine

300 CE, two kings had converted to Christianity: Osroene in Mesopotamia, and the king of Armenia.
Christians made up 20% or more of Rome’s population in parts of the Empire.


Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).

324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration

Assimilation of paganism within the church: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.
Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been penetrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:

PP Notes Maya and Mexica (Aztec)

Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica stretches from Mexico’s central plain to Costa Rica
Beginnings of civilization around 12000 BCE (300-400 yrs. after Shang)
Depended on corn, beans and wild turkey –used only digging sticks



Mesoamerican region
Lived in a tropical rain forest in Guatemala and Belize
Agricultural community: beans, maize, chili peppers and squash
Made clay, cloth, rope, nets, string
Around 900 BCE migrated into Yucatan Peninsula

By first century, traded with Teotihuacan
Complex family units, cities, temples: class division, private property
Built with limestone, coral, and plaster
Had writing and numbering system (including zero)

Religion

Trances/Visions: dancing, blood letting, hallucinogenic enemas, used the mushroom: psilocybim, flowers, toads, etc.
Sacred written texts
Popol Vuh was sacred mythology
Xibalba was the under world





Hunaphu and Ixbalanque – hero twins – played ball game in Xibalba and won. Most important thing you can be is a trickster, could outwit the gods. Really appreciated witty individuals. (Moon has a trickster)

All movements in the story of the twins represents solar movement, i.e. descending into Xibalba represents retrograde motion of Venus (disappears), mnemonic devices to plot movements of the universe
“Popol Vuh” – people of the mat.
Michael Coe wrote “Breaking the Maya Code” – took a Russian, Uri Knorosov, during the cold war, with outdated equipment (there was no Rosetta Stone until De Landa’s letters regarding Chi’s )



Aztecs 1345 – 1521 CE
The Aztec Calendar

In the Mesoamerican region
Came to Mexico from a Southwestern region in the United States
Capital was called Tenochtitlan (no comparison in 16th century Europe, when Cortes landed). 8 to 25 million people

The plaza on the island represented the Mesoamerican universe. Pyramids, large buildings, temples and homes.
Transportation was mainly canoes, much like in Venice.



Played a sacred ball game for 3000 years: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras.
More than 1560 courts have been discovered. Use of a heavy rubber ball, and a ring. Teams of two to seven, wore yokes, shoulder pads, hip covers and helmets – losers were sacrificed. Ball represents trajectory of a planet and set in ground – near underworld, supernatural.
Wagering was an important part of the games.

Religion
Human sacrifice
Gods: blood eaters
Complex calendaring
Polytheism
Human sacrifice

PP Notes Hebrews

Kush and Axum

Five Cultures
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus Valley
Shang China
Olmecs

Hebrews and Monotheism

Hebrew Society
Originally semi-nomadic herders (goats and sheep)
Lacked metal working, written language, sophisticated craftsmanship
Lived in tents
Patriarchal structure, tied to priesthood

Family and tribal loyalties
Justice was central to their life
Originally carried their religion with them:
Ark of the Covenant
Monotheism
Issues of El and Ba’al
Strife and conflict within Hebrew society
Validity of the Torah
Relationship between God and man

A Nation
The prophet Samuel selected a king
Saul, David, Solomon
Expansion and cohesion
Writing and calendaring are utilized
Warriors, taxes, trade, metallurgy, public works, agriculture

Israel and Judah split
Israel, Judah, Pheonicia, Damascus and Assyria politically embroiled
Weakening of a Hebrew nation ultimately led to displacement
Hebrew Writing

Record keeping people
Continuity of culture
Supports political life and commerce
Bears witness to relationship between the Hebrews and their god
Serves as historical insight
Religion

Ritual sacrifice
Priesthood
Annual holidays
Diet
Clothing/physical appearance
Temples and synagogues
Women
Sacred writings

The western wall of the Jewish temple

PP Notes Christianity

Jerusalem
Pax Romana
Centuries after the Roman Republic was established, and after the wars with Gaul, the Punic Wars with Carthage (Hannibal), the Macedonian Wars, and other civil wars and revolution, the great Pax Romana ensued, an age of relative peace and toleration…
The Roman Empire extended from Britain to Mesopotamia to Egypt, with a population of perhaps one hundred million people…
In 63 B.C. Pompey marched his Roman armies down the Jordan Valley and up to Jerusalem, entered the Holy of holies of the Temple, and proclaimed Jerusalem subject to the authority of Rome.

D.K. Ogden, Jerusalem the Eternal City, p. 153
Jesus of Nazareth
Born between 1 and 4 BCE, in Bethlehem (10 miles south of Jerusalem)
Legend of the Virgin Mary
Raised in Nazareth as a carpenter, spoke Aramaic
Follower of John the Baptist, embraced doctrine of baptism (like the Hindus)
Began his ministry near John’s arrest



Preached love of fellow man and God.
Doctrine of resurrection
Preformed miracles, healings and exorcists
The Sermon on the Mount
Enters Jerusalem on Passover, to visit the Temple (Jesus was a devout Jew)



Am empty tomb (3 days) and the last supper

Gnosticism: Egypt, Montanism in Asia Minor, Marcionism in Syria.

Catholicism was only one of dozens of "denominations" within the early church until it was adopted as the state religion of the Roman Empire.


After Death
The Apostles organize and preach, increasing the gentile population
The tradition remains oral
With the loss of the apostolic order, a new debate for hierarchy begins
Thus begins the title of “Bishop”
Constantine

Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).
324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration
Assimilation of paganism within the churhc: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.

Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been pentrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:

PP Notes Byzantine

Byzantine and Orthodox Europe
Europe
Religion
Tribal Nations
Byzantium 565 CE
Origins of Byzantium
Derived from Roman empire, formed in western Europe and southeast Asia, later expanding into eastern Europe
Greek replaced Latin as the court language by the 6th century
Justinian attempted to expand Byzantine rule in the 6th century; rebuilt Constantinople (Hagia Sophia), codified Roman law.
Would later be attacked by Arab and Slavic kingdoms – constant pressure on the borders
By the close of the 10th century, Byzantium Emperor a formidable European power

Byzantium
High levels of political and cultural life between 500 – 1450 CE
Based on Orthodox Christianity, and Roman political forms
Ruler empowered by god, head of church and state – education could lead to advancement
1054 a break in Christianity: Orthodox and Catholic
Decline: 11th century - Arab conquest claimed Asian provinces, lost most important source of taxes and food – pressure on all borders
Crusaders would sack Constantinople in 1204
In 1453 the Ottoman Turks would claim Constantinople
Trade and Education
Europe
Writing

PP Notes Islam

Islam
The Dome of the Rock

Muhammad

History of Submission
632 Abu-Bakar (father-in-law) became Caliph but dies two years later, leaving the position to Umar
638 Muslims defeated the Romans, took Jerusalem and occupied Mesopotamia and the Persian capital, Ctesiphon.
641 Conquest of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, the Fertile Crescent and Egypt.
662 Rule of the “Four righteous Caliphs” ends

History of Submission


The Koran
The Hadith (behaviors and rules in Islam)
-share your wealth, value scripture
-Women are sinful
-respect for elders
-do not look upon women
-denounce things of the world
-fight in the jihad
-kindness to family
-suicide is a sin
-suffering is good
-mercy is divine
-treat others as you would treat yourself
-place Allah above all else
-man is accountable to Allah
Trade and Education
Science, Literature and the Arts
The Ottoman Empire
The Ghazi were an Islamic military faction, and leaned toward Sufism
Osman (Uthman) was a Turkish sultan who came to power in 1280
Originated near Constantinople, and fleeing Mongol expansion
Around 1327 establish capital at Bursa
Janissaries: Muslim, slaves, devoted to asceticism, celibacy and Islamic values
The Ottoman Empire would last into the twentieth century through World War I.

Study Guide 2 (Midterm 2)

1. What was the Warring States period? Who did it involve why was it important?

2. What were the political, social and economic consequences of this period?

3. Who was Confucius? What did he teach? How did his philosophies influence China? What political and social order did his teachings establish?

4. What changes were made in Confucian thought by later followers? How did this change the political or social structures sought after?

5. What was Daoism? How was it different from Confucian thought? How did this influence social and political order?

6. What was the significance of the Qin dynasty?

7. What impact did Sunzi’s political philosophy have?

8. How did the Han institutionalize Confucian political philosophy? How did the impact their political stronghold? What social ramifications came from such structure?

9. What were the status of the scholar-gentry, women, peasants, merchants and artisans under the Han dynasty?

10.
Define:
Qin
Shi Huangdi
Confucius
Mencius
Laozi
Daoism
Legalists
Great Wall
Sunzi
Liu Bang
Han
Scholar-gentry
Secret societies
Forbidden city
Wang Mang
Eunuchs

11. Who was Muhammad and where was he born? How was he “chosen?”

12. What was the nature of Bedouin society before Muhammad received his revelation?

13. What was the purpose of Islam? Who made up the original followers? How did Islam address the problems in Arabian society?

14. Why is the jihad so important? How noble is it?

15. What was the nature and extent of the Umayyad Empire and what let to its’ fall?

16. What were the achievements of the Arab phase of Islamic development ending in 750?

17. How was the Abbasid Empire different from the Umayyad? Describe the Abbasid economy, role of women, social structure, theological developments and weaknesses within the empire.

18. What were “common elements” in African societies? How did Islam enter Africa?

19. What were the Sundanic states and how were they organized?

20. How were the beliefs of Islam and indigenous societies integrated? What was the connection between East Africa and Islam?

21. Define:
Bedouin
Mecca
Koran (Qur’an)
Umma
Zakat
Caliph
Jihad
Crusaders
Ibn Khaldun
Sufis
Mongols
Arabic numerals
Sati
Stateless societies
Sundiata
Griots
Demographic transition


22. What significance did the Byzantine Empire have to the civilizations of Europe? Compare and contrast the development of civilizations in Eastern and Western Europe.

23. How does Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?

24. Compare and contrast Byzantine and Chinese political organization.

25. What was the political structure under the Byzantine Empire? And throughout Europe? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics? What was the relationship between the king and his subjects?

26. What were the major religious beliefs of these societies? How was opulence justified? What was the relationship between church and state?

27. Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.

28. What factors led to the decline of Byzantine? How did Byzantine influence Russia?

29. Why did political development of Eastern Europe fall behind Western Europe?

30. Who were Erec and Enide? What do the King Arthur stories tell us about the culture of that time?

31. Define:
Hagia Sophia
Bulgaria
Icons
Iconoclasm
Cyril and Methodius
Kiev
Russian Orthodoxy
Boyars

32. What were the social structures of Korea, Vietname, China, India and Japan like in each of these societies? What were family life and gender relations like?
What were the religious beliefs? How did these beliefs support or hurt the corresponding governments? What was man’s role in life? His relationship with god or ancestors?

33. What major wars took place and how did that influence these communities?

34. What types of laws existed? How were the governments structured? How were the roles of individuals defined by the law?

35. What types of trade occurred? What were the major goods traded? How did trade impact the society?

36. What was the apparent level of literacy in these communities?

37. What is a warrior and what is their code of ethics like?

38. What led to the decline of these communities/dynasties?


39. Define:

Period of Six Dynasties
Jinshi
Chan Buddhism (Zen)
Grand Canal
Junks
Samurai
Seppuku
Shoguns

40. Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another?

41. Discuss Christian theology.

42. What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?

43. How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?

44. According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?

45. What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?

46. What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?

47. Define:
Natural Law
Heaven
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion

48. What are the origins of the Native Americans? How did isolation affect their social development?

49. What was the social structure of most American groups? And the role of women?

50. Discuss sedentary agriculture in Meso America. What crops were domesticated? What animals?

51. What were the class distinctions? How was leadership gained or maintained? Who were slaves? What types of political structure existed in Meso American communities?

52. What was Meso American religion like? Were there separate priest/government classes?

53. Where was Teotihuacán located? What is suggested from their art? Were state and government mixed?

54. What led to the decline of Teotihuacán?

55. Discuss the Mayans of southern Mexico and Central America. How was the nation structured? Did they have writing? Calendars? Mathematics?

56. What were some of the way Mayans supported a population of up to 5 million? What were the roles of men and women? Were families patrilineal?

57. What was the Popol Vuh? How was the world created? What is the significance of the twins? What does this tell us about the relationship between man and god?

58. What were the Andean peoples like? How were some of their agricultural techniques unique? What animals did they domesticate?

59. Who were the Inca? What were Macchu Picchu and Sacsahuman? Where was Cuzco located and how was the city designed? How long did their empire last?

60. Did all Native American groups use writing? Mathematics? Calendaring? What were the various architectures like? Why were they different?

61. Define:
Maize
“Long count”
Puna
Toltec
Solar Cycle
Ayllu
Puma
Macchu Picchu

Map:
Constantinople
Byzantine
Medina
Mecca
Cordoba
Rome
Korea
Vietnam
China
Japan
Bombay
Calcutta
Tikal
Teotihuacan

Study Guide Midterm 2

The SG will be posted before class tomorrow. There has been a technical difficulty.

The Maya Part 3/3 (Must Comment)

Maya Part 2/3 (Must Comment)

The Maya (Must Comment on all 3 parts)