Total possible 230
(this does not include quizes after the midterm)
CWID
11274076 192
11200769 138
11322242 154
11298037 184
10001129 209
10676194 173
11357259 211
11386932 171
11361073 185
11364791 170
11135637 207
11294356 204
11309711 142
11350257 29
11341894 128
11355753 182
11311492 81
11293836 162
11252769 175
11261399 187
11302316 164
11336226 142
11346600 196
11327673 134
11358801 191
11273726 211
11253620 192
11189392 156
11345144 140
11253781 144
11363563 170
11265860 180
11358849 142
11292112 176
11160043 183
10344901 136
10341072 183
11296000 75
11357784 199
11258963 189
11276656 176
11337506 198
11278485 175
11310875 135
11259581 137
11327414 167
10068119 141
11262776 199
11202148 173
10714970 121
11176994 71
11251790 191
11349673 187
11339135 171
11290201 177
11162842 127
11375532 150
11190963 200
11362137 178
11345577 176
11187145 198
11203143 202
11174263 136
10341072 142
11256232 186
11297783 116
11341264 138
11310832 153
11201561 154
11364782 142
11254477 204
11227493 167
11348601 182
10715269 189
10523316 184
10318598 194
9
Saturday, May 29, 2010
Quiz 7,8,9
1. There were 3 dynasties in Imperial China from 589-1368. T
2. There was a mixture of Chinese and Turkic ancestry in China. T
3. The Tang government was organized into three main branches: Military affairs, Council of State, Secretariat. F
4. Similar to the other ancient civilizations, women were not present in Chinese politics. F
5. Historians often compare the Sui dynasty to the Qin dynasty. T
6. Japan's acidic volcanic soil east up bones, leaving no early skeletal remains. T
7. The 1st turning point of Japanese history was its adoption of the higher civilization of China. F
8. The 3 main offices outside the Chinese system are: Audit officers, Bureau of Archivists and police commissioners. T
9. Japan was powerfully influenced by successful waves of Chinese culture. T
10. The indigenous religion of the Yomato Japanese was an animistic worship of nature called "uji." F
11. The 3 states of Korea were Silla, Paekche and Koryo. T
12. The Vietnamese were governed by the Chinese command over the first seven centuries. T
13. Korea and Vietnam were conquered by China in 108 BCE. F
14. 3 movements shaped the historical civilizations of Vietnam. F
15. Buddhism was patronized by the Silla King. T
16. A young concubine name Wu Zhad became the first and only female empress of China. T
17. The Grand Canal was repaired and extended under Empress Wu's reign. F
18. Tang culture refused to open to cultural influences of foreign civilizations. F
19. The Song Dynasty is known as the Golden Age of Buddhism in China where the wealth of Buddhists practitioners led to the building of many temples. F
20. Tang culture is the only dynastic establishment with a 'church like' function like Medieval Europe. T
21. The daoist term Nirvana was translated "not doing." T
22. Buddhism originated in a Himalayan state in Northwest Asia. F
23. The neo daoist cults had priests, shamans, seers and sorceresses. T
24. The hierarchical church organizations were smashed at the end of the 3rd century. F
25. Neo-daoism means 'mysterious way' F
26. The founder of the Mongol Empire was Temujn. T
27. Temujin was born in 1167.
28. One hallmark of Chinese history is its continuity of culture, language and geography.
29. Confucian historians have seen a pattern in every dynasty of long duration called the dynastic cycle.
30. The Ming dynasty was destroyed by the domino effect of its own legal codes. T
2. There was a mixture of Chinese and Turkic ancestry in China. T
3. The Tang government was organized into three main branches: Military affairs, Council of State, Secretariat. F
4. Similar to the other ancient civilizations, women were not present in Chinese politics. F
5. Historians often compare the Sui dynasty to the Qin dynasty. T
6. Japan's acidic volcanic soil east up bones, leaving no early skeletal remains. T
7. The 1st turning point of Japanese history was its adoption of the higher civilization of China. F
8. The 3 main offices outside the Chinese system are: Audit officers, Bureau of Archivists and police commissioners. T
9. Japan was powerfully influenced by successful waves of Chinese culture. T
10. The indigenous religion of the Yomato Japanese was an animistic worship of nature called "uji." F
11. The 3 states of Korea were Silla, Paekche and Koryo. T
12. The Vietnamese were governed by the Chinese command over the first seven centuries. T
13. Korea and Vietnam were conquered by China in 108 BCE. F
14. 3 movements shaped the historical civilizations of Vietnam. F
15. Buddhism was patronized by the Silla King. T
16. A young concubine name Wu Zhad became the first and only female empress of China. T
17. The Grand Canal was repaired and extended under Empress Wu's reign. F
18. Tang culture refused to open to cultural influences of foreign civilizations. F
19. The Song Dynasty is known as the Golden Age of Buddhism in China where the wealth of Buddhists practitioners led to the building of many temples. F
20. Tang culture is the only dynastic establishment with a 'church like' function like Medieval Europe. T
21. The daoist term Nirvana was translated "not doing." T
22. Buddhism originated in a Himalayan state in Northwest Asia. F
23. The neo daoist cults had priests, shamans, seers and sorceresses. T
24. The hierarchical church organizations were smashed at the end of the 3rd century. F
25. Neo-daoism means 'mysterious way' F
26. The founder of the Mongol Empire was Temujn. T
27. Temujin was born in 1167.
28. One hallmark of Chinese history is its continuity of culture, language and geography.
29. Confucian historians have seen a pattern in every dynasty of long duration called the dynastic cycle.
30. The Ming dynasty was destroyed by the domino effect of its own legal codes. T
Midterm 1 GRADES
MIDTERM 1 (Total possible 150)
CWID
11274076 127
11200769 106
11322242 115
11298037 122
10001129 137
10676194 120
11357259 131
11386932 122
11361073 130
11364791 129
11135637 141
11294356 133
11214964
11309711 107
11350257
11341894 92
11355753 131
11311492 38
11346759
11293836 114
11252769 137
11347909
11261399 121
11302316 105
11336226 106
11346600 134
11351225
11327673 99
11360036
11358801 121
11273726 135
11253620 130
11297438
11189392 119
11345144 99
11253781 92
11363563 130
11265860 116
11358849 115
11292112 121
11160043 127
10344901 102
10341072
11296000 46
11357784 129
11258963 125
11276656 120
10478020
11260768
11337506 126
11278485 112
11310875 89
11259581 111
11336299
11327414 139
11363383
10068119 99
11262776 131
11202148 128
11306641
10714970 102
11335070
11176994 37
11362150
11362902
11251790 140
11386177
11349673 118
11339135 110
11290201 115
11162842 93
11375532 126
11190963 134
11362137 128
11345019
11345577 126
11343845
11187145 142
11203143 142
11310441
11174263 129
10341072 142
11296000
11256232 127
11297783 65
11341264 73
11310832 115
11201561 119
11364782 107
11344719
11254477 134
11227493 106
11348601 126
10715269 131
10523316 131
10318598 133
CWID
11274076 127
11200769 106
11322242 115
11298037 122
10001129 137
10676194 120
11357259 131
11386932 122
11361073 130
11364791 129
11135637 141
11294356 133
11214964
11309711 107
11350257
11341894 92
11355753 131
11311492 38
11346759
11293836 114
11252769 137
11347909
11261399 121
11302316 105
11336226 106
11346600 134
11351225
11327673 99
11360036
11358801 121
11273726 135
11253620 130
11297438
11189392 119
11345144 99
11253781 92
11363563 130
11265860 116
11358849 115
11292112 121
11160043 127
10344901 102
10341072
11296000 46
11357784 129
11258963 125
11276656 120
10478020
11260768
11337506 126
11278485 112
11310875 89
11259581 111
11336299
11327414 139
11363383
10068119 99
11262776 131
11202148 128
11306641
10714970 102
11335070
11176994 37
11362150
11362902
11251790 140
11386177
11349673 118
11339135 110
11290201 115
11162842 93
11375532 126
11190963 134
11362137 128
11345019
11345577 126
11343845
11187145 142
11203143 142
11310441
11174263 129
10341072 142
11296000
11256232 127
11297783 65
11341264 73
11310832 115
11201561 119
11364782 107
11344719
11254477 134
11227493 106
11348601 126
10715269 131
10523316 131
10318598 133
Sunday, May 23, 2010
Oral Midterm Grades
10341072 142/150
11135637 141/150
11346600 134/150
11327414 139/150
11190963 134/150
11203143 142/150
11251790 140/150
11187145 142/150
10523316 131/150
11357259 131/150
11355753 131/150
11135637 141/150
11346600 134/150
11327414 139/150
11190963 134/150
11203143 142/150
11251790 140/150
11187145 142/150
10523316 131/150
11357259 131/150
11355753 131/150
Sunday, May 16, 2010
MIDTERM 1 UPDATE
The midterm will be given in 2 parts.
The first part will be Monday as planned (all but the essay). The Essay portion will be Wednesday.
IF you are taking the oral, you are excused from class Monday and Wednesday.
The first part will be Monday as planned (all but the essay). The Essay portion will be Wednesday.
IF you are taking the oral, you are excused from class Monday and Wednesday.
Grades
These grades reflect ONLY quiz scores. The blog points and class work will be added in and posted before Wednesday.
CWID Total 60
11283939
11274076 45
11200769 32
11322242 24
11298037 42
10001129 52
10676194 48
11357259 60
11386932 34
11361073 50
11364791 41
11135637 46
11294356 51
11214964 0
11309711 20
11350257 14
11341894 36
11355753 46
11311492 28
11346759 14
11293836 43
11252769 38
11347909 0
11261399 46
11302316 39
11336226 21
11346600 42
11351225 0
11327673 20
11360036 15
11358801 50
11273726 56
11253620 42
11297438 0
11189392 37
11345144 26
11253781 37
11363563 40
11265860 44
11358849 27
11292112 40
11160043 41
10344901 34
10341072 26
11296000 14
11357784 50
11258963 44
11276656 41
10478020 0
11260768 14
11337506 52
11278485 43
11310875 41
11259581 26
11336299 4
11327414 28
11363383 0
10068119 42
11262776 48
11202148 40
11306641 0
10714970 19
11335070 4
11176994 34
11362150 42
11362902 0
11251790 46
11386177 0
11349673 49
11339135 41
11290201 42
11162842 34
11375532 24
11190963 46
11362137 45
11345019 0
11345577 35
11343845 31
11187145 36
11203143 45
11310441 0
11174263 7
10341072 0
11296000 14
11256232 44
11297783 46
11341264 45
11310832 23
11201561 35
11364782 20
11344719 0
11254477 50
11227493 41
11348601 51
10715269 43
10523316 48
10318598 46
9
CWID Total 60
11283939
11274076 45
11200769 32
11322242 24
11298037 42
10001129 52
10676194 48
11357259 60
11386932 34
11361073 50
11364791 41
11135637 46
11294356 51
11214964 0
11309711 20
11350257 14
11341894 36
11355753 46
11311492 28
11346759 14
11293836 43
11252769 38
11347909 0
11261399 46
11302316 39
11336226 21
11346600 42
11351225 0
11327673 20
11360036 15
11358801 50
11273726 56
11253620 42
11297438 0
11189392 37
11345144 26
11253781 37
11363563 40
11265860 44
11358849 27
11292112 40
11160043 41
10344901 34
10341072 26
11296000 14
11357784 50
11258963 44
11276656 41
10478020 0
11260768 14
11337506 52
11278485 43
11310875 41
11259581 26
11336299 4
11327414 28
11363383 0
10068119 42
11262776 48
11202148 40
11306641 0
10714970 19
11335070 4
11176994 34
11362150 42
11362902 0
11251790 46
11386177 0
11349673 49
11339135 41
11290201 42
11162842 34
11375532 24
11190963 46
11362137 45
11345019 0
11345577 35
11343845 31
11187145 36
11203143 45
11310441 0
11174263 7
10341072 0
11296000 14
11256232 44
11297783 46
11341264 45
11310832 23
11201561 35
11364782 20
11344719 0
11254477 50
11227493 41
11348601 51
10715269 43
10523316 48
10318598 46
9
Oral Exam Schedule in CAC
10:55 Nicole L
11:05 Catherine C
11:15 Alicia G
11:25 Cat N
11:45 Robert A
11:55 Inas H
12:05 Seema R
12:15 Sami S
12:25 Ashley F
12:35 StevenT
12:45 Christina B
1:05 Maria D
11:05 Catherine C
11:15 Alicia G
11:25 Cat N
11:45 Robert A
11:55 Inas H
12:05 Seema R
12:15 Sami S
12:25 Ashley F
12:35 StevenT
12:45 Christina B
1:05 Maria D
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
Quizzes 3,4,5,6
Quiz 3
1. All human cultures develop religion or philosophical systems.
2. The 4 great Philosophical and Religious Revolutions: Chinese philosophy, Indian religion, Hebrew monotheism, Greek philosophy.
3. Legalism was type of Greek philosophy.
4. Greeks were the first who tried to explain the natural world without using gods.
5. In Buddhism all life is dukkha or joy.
6. In the Upanishads, samsara is an endless cycle of existence.
7. Hindu is not a term for a single or uniform religious culture.
8. Dao is the way.
9. Aristotle used empirical evidence.
10. Monotheism is belief in a single god.
TTFTF
TTTTT
Quiz 4
1. A Polis is a Greek city-state.
2. The hoplite phalanx was the main basis of Greek warfare.
3. A tyrant was a monarch who had gained power in an unorthodox way and maintained a one-man rule.
4. The Areopagus was made of warriors and ruled over Sparta.
5. By the sixth century, Greek cities in Asia Minor came under the control of the Persian Empire.
6. Philip II was from a family of nobles in Attica.
7. Some of the most spectacular intellectual accomplishments of the Hellenistic Age were in math and science.
8. Heliocentric theory places the earth at the center of the universe.
9. Thucydides wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars.
10. The Academy was founded by Plato.
TTTFT
FTFTT
Quiz 5
1. The Achaemenids were in Persia and the Mauryans were in India.
2. Zoroastrianism is polytheistic.
3. Shahanshah means “king of kings.”
4. States conquered by Persia were called satraps.
5. Darius I built the great palaces in Susa and Persepolis.
6. Chandragupta Maurya created the first true Egyptian empire.
7. Strong administration, an imperial ideal and Buddhism crushed the people of India.
8. The successors of the Indo-Greeks were steppe peoples.
9. The Kushan kingdom of India was one of four major centers of civilization in Eurasia.
10. Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Hinduism would come of age and spread through Asia at the same time.
TFTTT
FFTFT
Quiz 6
1. Civilization can be associated with the sophistication of people’s intellectual, cultural and artistic traditions.
2. In the story of Gikuyu a reason for matrilineal structure is given.
3. Africa is three and a half times the size of the continental United States.
4. The are four indigenous language families in Africa.
5. Kush was located in South Africa near the Kalahari Desert.
6. Aksum was located in the farthest tip of Southern Africa.
7. Aksum was the last Southern region to become Christian.
8. The Maasai were and still are cattle pastoralists proud of their separate language and culture.
9. Lack of writing about Africa makes it difficult for historians to have a full understanding of its history.
10. The Sahara is located in North Africa.
TTTTF
FFTTT
1. All human cultures develop religion or philosophical systems.
2. The 4 great Philosophical and Religious Revolutions: Chinese philosophy, Indian religion, Hebrew monotheism, Greek philosophy.
3. Legalism was type of Greek philosophy.
4. Greeks were the first who tried to explain the natural world without using gods.
5. In Buddhism all life is dukkha or joy.
6. In the Upanishads, samsara is an endless cycle of existence.
7. Hindu is not a term for a single or uniform religious culture.
8. Dao is the way.
9. Aristotle used empirical evidence.
10. Monotheism is belief in a single god.
TTFTF
TTTTT
Quiz 4
1. A Polis is a Greek city-state.
2. The hoplite phalanx was the main basis of Greek warfare.
3. A tyrant was a monarch who had gained power in an unorthodox way and maintained a one-man rule.
4. The Areopagus was made of warriors and ruled over Sparta.
5. By the sixth century, Greek cities in Asia Minor came under the control of the Persian Empire.
6. Philip II was from a family of nobles in Attica.
7. Some of the most spectacular intellectual accomplishments of the Hellenistic Age were in math and science.
8. Heliocentric theory places the earth at the center of the universe.
9. Thucydides wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars.
10. The Academy was founded by Plato.
TTTFT
FTFTT
Quiz 5
1. The Achaemenids were in Persia and the Mauryans were in India.
2. Zoroastrianism is polytheistic.
3. Shahanshah means “king of kings.”
4. States conquered by Persia were called satraps.
5. Darius I built the great palaces in Susa and Persepolis.
6. Chandragupta Maurya created the first true Egyptian empire.
7. Strong administration, an imperial ideal and Buddhism crushed the people of India.
8. The successors of the Indo-Greeks were steppe peoples.
9. The Kushan kingdom of India was one of four major centers of civilization in Eurasia.
10. Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Hinduism would come of age and spread through Asia at the same time.
TFTTT
FFTFT
Quiz 6
1. Civilization can be associated with the sophistication of people’s intellectual, cultural and artistic traditions.
2. In the story of Gikuyu a reason for matrilineal structure is given.
3. Africa is three and a half times the size of the continental United States.
4. The are four indigenous language families in Africa.
5. Kush was located in South Africa near the Kalahari Desert.
6. Aksum was located in the farthest tip of Southern Africa.
7. Aksum was the last Southern region to become Christian.
8. The Maasai were and still are cattle pastoralists proud of their separate language and culture.
9. Lack of writing about Africa makes it difficult for historians to have a full understanding of its history.
10. The Sahara is located in North Africa.
TTTTF
FFTTT
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
Essay Exam Writing Tips
Essays should fill at least four pages in a blue book (small writing, one side of paper).
Below are some tips.
PREPARATION BEFORE THE TEST
1. Questions could be one of three types: trace or narrate a story/process define the significance of something compare and contrast
2. The best way to prepare is to come to class, take notes, and form study groups. Brainstorm together and ask: "What facts need to be in this essay to make it complete?"
3. The essay questions are formed using the study guide. Use the study guide to help you. Read the text and review lectures for the additional information you will need.
4. Draft a list. List everything that will go toward making a full essay. This list will constitute the building blocks of your essay.
5. Demonstrate your this statement "in action," which means use examples. Incorporate facts and details. Don't ignore dates and places.
6. Memorize your list.
7. Conclude with, "What is the significance of all this?"
EXECUTION OF THE ESSAY ON EXAM DAY
8. Study the question randomly assigned to you (you will have already seen the possibilities on study guide).
9. Gauge time (about half hour).
10. Replicate the list you memorized in #4 above on scratch paper.
11. Think in terms of paragraphs. Let your list suggest the clusters that will comprise each paragraph.
12. Start each paragraph with a general statement. Then support your essay referring to your list.
13. Start writing.
OTHER POINTS
14. Refrain from moral judgment, religious confessional, or overdone Americanism. Adopt the stance of the dispassionate, scholarly observer.
15. Unlike a research paper, book review, or film review, your test essay is not expected to have polished style. However, it should demonstrate logical organization, critical thinking and mastery of content.
By Dr. Craig Livingston, revised by Prof. Ramsey
Below are some tips.
PREPARATION BEFORE THE TEST
1. Questions could be one of three types: trace or narrate a story/process define the significance of something compare and contrast
2. The best way to prepare is to come to class, take notes, and form study groups. Brainstorm together and ask: "What facts need to be in this essay to make it complete?"
3. The essay questions are formed using the study guide. Use the study guide to help you. Read the text and review lectures for the additional information you will need.
4. Draft a list. List everything that will go toward making a full essay. This list will constitute the building blocks of your essay.
5. Demonstrate your this statement "in action," which means use examples. Incorporate facts and details. Don't ignore dates and places.
6. Memorize your list.
7. Conclude with, "What is the significance of all this?"
EXECUTION OF THE ESSAY ON EXAM DAY
8. Study the question randomly assigned to you (you will have already seen the possibilities on study guide).
9. Gauge time (about half hour).
10. Replicate the list you memorized in #4 above on scratch paper.
11. Think in terms of paragraphs. Let your list suggest the clusters that will comprise each paragraph.
12. Start each paragraph with a general statement. Then support your essay referring to your list.
13. Start writing.
OTHER POINTS
14. Refrain from moral judgment, religious confessional, or overdone Americanism. Adopt the stance of the dispassionate, scholarly observer.
15. Unlike a research paper, book review, or film review, your test essay is not expected to have polished style. However, it should demonstrate logical organization, critical thinking and mastery of content.
By Dr. Craig Livingston, revised by Prof. Ramsey
Midterm 1 Essay Questions (Oral exams too)
You will be required to answer one of the following two essay questions for the midterm:
Pick one of the following civilizations: Mesopotamia, Persia, or Egypt and compare and contrast it to one of the following civilizations: Greece, India or China. What were the political structures like? What were the religious and social structures of these communities? How was writing and architecture viewed in these cultures? Discuss how each dealt with warfare and contact from the outside. What was the role of women in these civilizations? Which group do you think was a “more successful society” and why? Make sure to note how were they similar or different?
Compare and contrast the civilizations of the early Greeks with the Greeks under Macedonian rule. How did the political structure change or remain the same? How did religious and social structures of these communities remain the same or change? How did the view of art, science and philosophy change? Discuss what changes occurred in warfare and contact from the outside. How and why was Alexander successful at “Hellenizing” his empire? What was the role of women in this new empire? Compare the role of the gods in The Iliad and Oedipus. What does that show about the changing Greek view of man’s place in the world and his relationship to the gods?
Pick one of the following civilizations: Mesopotamia, Persia, or Egypt and compare and contrast it to one of the following civilizations: Greece, India or China. What were the political structures like? What were the religious and social structures of these communities? How was writing and architecture viewed in these cultures? Discuss how each dealt with warfare and contact from the outside. What was the role of women in these civilizations? Which group do you think was a “more successful society” and why? Make sure to note how were they similar or different?
Compare and contrast the civilizations of the early Greeks with the Greeks under Macedonian rule. How did the political structure change or remain the same? How did religious and social structures of these communities remain the same or change? How did the view of art, science and philosophy change? Discuss what changes occurred in warfare and contact from the outside. How and why was Alexander successful at “Hellenizing” his empire? What was the role of women in this new empire? Compare the role of the gods in The Iliad and Oedipus. What does that show about the changing Greek view of man’s place in the world and his relationship to the gods?
Study Guide Midterm 1 Part 2/3
Define:
Atman-Brahman
Atomists
Brahmanas
Covenant
Daoism
Dharma
Kindu
Jains
Karma
Messiah
Opolis
Samsara
Sophists
Compare and contrast Athens to Sparta. Discuss government, economics, social structure, warfare, culture and the role of women.
Why was Greek citizenship so prized? How were citizens able to participate in government? What is direct democracy?
Discuss Persia: culture, social structure, military, religion and rulers.
Why was the Achaemenid Empire success for so long? And what was their basis for power?
How was the Mauryan Empire created? What role did Greeks have in its creation? How did Ashoka develop Mauryan power and presitige?
Discuss the role of women in early civilizations and empire. Why do you think women were not valued like men?
What was Who is Darius III and why is he important? What were the battles he fought against Alexander and what happened?
Discuss in details what happened when Alexander conquered Persia?
Define:
Acropolis
Agora
Areopagus
Delian League
League of Corinth
Epicureans
Heliocentric theory
Hoplite phalanx
The Iliad and the Odyssey
Logos
Magna Graecia
Minoan
Mycenaean
Panhellenic
Peloponnesian War
Symposium
Slavery
Helot
Agoge
Discuss what contributions Philip of Macedonia made to Greece. How did he come to power? What critical decisions led to his success?
Atman-Brahman
Atomists
Brahmanas
Covenant
Daoism
Dharma
Kindu
Jains
Karma
Messiah
Opolis
Samsara
Sophists
Compare and contrast Athens to Sparta. Discuss government, economics, social structure, warfare, culture and the role of women.
Why was Greek citizenship so prized? How were citizens able to participate in government? What is direct democracy?
Discuss Persia: culture, social structure, military, religion and rulers.
Why was the Achaemenid Empire success for so long? And what was their basis for power?
How was the Mauryan Empire created? What role did Greeks have in its creation? How did Ashoka develop Mauryan power and presitige?
Discuss the role of women in early civilizations and empire. Why do you think women were not valued like men?
What was Who is Darius III and why is he important? What were the battles he fought against Alexander and what happened?
Discuss in details what happened when Alexander conquered Persia?
Define:
Acropolis
Agora
Areopagus
Delian League
League of Corinth
Epicureans
Heliocentric theory
Hoplite phalanx
The Iliad and the Odyssey
Logos
Magna Graecia
Minoan
Mycenaean
Panhellenic
Peloponnesian War
Symposium
Slavery
Helot
Agoge
Discuss what contributions Philip of Macedonia made to Greece. How did he come to power? What critical decisions led to his success?
Monday, May 10, 2010
PP Notes Christianity
Jerusalem
Pax Romana
Centuries after the Roman Republic was established, and after the wars with Gaul, the Punic Wars with Carthage (Hannibal), the Macedonian Wars, and other civil wars and revolution, the great Pax Romana ensued, an age of relative peace and toleration…
The Roman Empire extended from Britain to Mesopotamia to Egypt, with a population of perhaps one hundred million people…
In 63 B.C. Pompey marched his Roman armies down the Jordan Valley and up to Jerusalem, entered the Holy of holies of the Temple, and proclaimed Jerusalem subject to the authority of Rome.
D.K. Ogden, Jerusalem the Eternal City, p. 153
Jesus of Nazareth
Born between 1 and 4 BCE, in Bethlehem (10 miles south of Jerusalem)
Legend of the Virgin Mary
Raised in Nazareth as a carpenter, spoke Aramaic
Follower of John the Baptist, embraced doctrine of baptism (like the Hindus)
Began his ministry near John’s arrest
Preached love of fellow man and God.
Doctrine of resurrection
Preformed miracles, healings and exorcists
The Sermon on the Mount
Enters Jerusalem on Passover, to visit the Temple (Jesus was a devout Jew)
Am empty tomb (3 days) and the last supper
Gnosticism: Egypt, Montanism in Asia Minor, Marcionism in Syria.
Catholicism was only one of dozens of "denominations" within the early church until it was adopted as the state religion of the Roman Empire.
After Death
The Apostles organize and preach, increasing the gentile population
The tradition remains oral
With the loss of the apostolic order, a new debate for hierarchy begins
Thus begins the title of “Bishop”
Constantine
Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).
324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration
Assimilation of paganism within the churhc: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.
Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been pentrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:
Pax Romana
Centuries after the Roman Republic was established, and after the wars with Gaul, the Punic Wars with Carthage (Hannibal), the Macedonian Wars, and other civil wars and revolution, the great Pax Romana ensued, an age of relative peace and toleration…
The Roman Empire extended from Britain to Mesopotamia to Egypt, with a population of perhaps one hundred million people…
In 63 B.C. Pompey marched his Roman armies down the Jordan Valley and up to Jerusalem, entered the Holy of holies of the Temple, and proclaimed Jerusalem subject to the authority of Rome.
D.K. Ogden, Jerusalem the Eternal City, p. 153
Jesus of Nazareth
Born between 1 and 4 BCE, in Bethlehem (10 miles south of Jerusalem)
Legend of the Virgin Mary
Raised in Nazareth as a carpenter, spoke Aramaic
Follower of John the Baptist, embraced doctrine of baptism (like the Hindus)
Began his ministry near John’s arrest
Preached love of fellow man and God.
Doctrine of resurrection
Preformed miracles, healings and exorcists
The Sermon on the Mount
Enters Jerusalem on Passover, to visit the Temple (Jesus was a devout Jew)
Am empty tomb (3 days) and the last supper
Gnosticism: Egypt, Montanism in Asia Minor, Marcionism in Syria.
Catholicism was only one of dozens of "denominations" within the early church until it was adopted as the state religion of the Roman Empire.
After Death
The Apostles organize and preach, increasing the gentile population
The tradition remains oral
With the loss of the apostolic order, a new debate for hierarchy begins
Thus begins the title of “Bishop”
Constantine
Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).
324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration
Assimilation of paganism within the churhc: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.
Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been pentrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:
PP Notes ROME
ROME
The Aeneid by Virgil
After the defeat at Troy, Aeneid wondered the sea with those who would follow. A seven year odyssey followed, then he was led by the gods to what would be Italy. There began Italy and the seeds of Roman dominance.
Romulus and Remus
The Etruscans
Rome as a Republic: Around 509 BCE the Etruscan king was forced out of Rome, and the Senate became the ruling body.
An alliance with other Latin communities followed which helped Rome maintain its independence until 340 BCE.
Government and Law
Executive Branch
The two leaders of the executive branch, the consuls, were elected for just one year by the upper class. They supervised the Senate and ordered the Roman army during wars. Other members of the executive branch were the tax collectors, mayors, city police, and other people in positions of power in cities.
Judgment
Slander – clubbed to death
A thief - flogged, unless a slave- thrown off Tarpaian rock on Rome's Capitoline hill
Defrauding a client – executed
Perjury - executed
Judge who took a bribe – executed
Conspiring with an enemy or delivering a Roman citizen to an enemy – executed
Vestal Virgins who were unchaste - buried alive
Infant deformities - put to death shortly after birth, and parents could kill infants if at least five neighbors consented.
Roman Patriarchs - could sell his son or daughter into slavery, could have a rebellious son put to death, daughters could be sold in marriage, could choose son’s wife or declare when to divorce.
Slavery in Rome
Important part of Roman society:
-debtors could be forced into slavery
-children could be sold into slavery
-traitors or conquered peoples became slaves
-slaves had no rights – property.
- could be killed, sold or abused.
- they could earn money and eventually buy freedom.
Class System
Plebeians were common citizens.
Patricians were aristocracy.
Military created varying classes:
Plebeian cavalrymen were Equites.
Slaves were made up of conquered people and debtors.
Wars
Gauls-390 BCE
Samanite Wars- 343 – 282 BCE
Punic Wars- 264-241, 218-202, 149-146 BCE
Macedonian Wars- 215, 197, 168 BCE
Julius Caesar’s Campaigns
Battle of Pharsalus - 48 BCE
Battle of Actium - 31 BCE
Tiberius Gracchus
Noble family, valiant military leader - complained warriors did not receive appreciation for securing Rome and poor needed land
In 133 he was elected as a tribune – ultimately to be killed
First recorded, political murder in Rome, in 400 years
Gains would soon follow (123)
Julius Caesar
First dictator of Rome 49 – 44 BCE:
Started out in a Spanish posting, then went on to govern over public games
Eventually became a consul. Conquered areas of the Rhine –leading to an attack on Rome.
Thus Julius Caesar was voted Dictator.
The Egypt saga led to his assassination on the 15th of March 44 BCE
Thus begins the era of Caesars
Octavian Augustus Caesar
First Emperor of Rome (44 BCE – 14 AD):
Took the name of Augustus
Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son.
Defeated conservatives who had Caesar assassinated.
Defeated Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra in 27 BCE
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME ENDED (70 BCE – 14 AD)
Religion
Pantheon of gods, Jupiter ruling on Mt. Olympus, patron god of Rome
Mars –god of land and war was important to Rome
Vesta – goddess of fire
Venus – bringer of good fortune and victory, protector of feminine chastity.
RELIGIOUS PARTICIPATION was a patriotic duty.
Pontifex Maximus – religious head of Roman church.
Economics and Trade
Economy - trade and now, war.
Slave populations - all time highs (as high as 80%), eventually devaluing the market.
War increased, farmers decreased having a direct impact on the growth of Roman crops.
Taxes and tributes helped fund building projects, the military and public works.
Booty from war helped raise the standard of living for soldiers at various times.
Merchant class contributed to the economy and politics
Roads, bridges, and cities were built.
Literature and the Arts
Horace –poet, adapted Greek poetic meters to Latin
Vergil – epic poet of the Golden Age, wrote Aeneid
Ovid – exiled by Augustus, wrote sensual poetry
Livy – historian, believed in the virtues
Science and Philosophy
Romans were much more conservative and inhibited than the Greeks.
Astronomy was rejected, as was Greek medicine and philosophy.
Advances in military technology were made, while manufacturing technology again suffered.
The Decline of Rome (began around 120 CE)
Government lacked fiscal resources to maintain vast empire.
Lack of cohesion made government unstable.
Continual war eventually weakened ties of loyalty, disturbed trade, city life, etc.
Economic disruption reduced prosperity and tax revenues (concentration of land, number of tenants increased).
Slavery declined and regions focused internally.
Epidemics significantly reduced populations sizes.
The Aeneid by Virgil
After the defeat at Troy, Aeneid wondered the sea with those who would follow. A seven year odyssey followed, then he was led by the gods to what would be Italy. There began Italy and the seeds of Roman dominance.
Romulus and Remus
The Etruscans
Rome as a Republic: Around 509 BCE the Etruscan king was forced out of Rome, and the Senate became the ruling body.
An alliance with other Latin communities followed which helped Rome maintain its independence until 340 BCE.
Government and Law
Executive Branch
The two leaders of the executive branch, the consuls, were elected for just one year by the upper class. They supervised the Senate and ordered the Roman army during wars. Other members of the executive branch were the tax collectors, mayors, city police, and other people in positions of power in cities.
Judgment
Slander – clubbed to death
A thief - flogged, unless a slave- thrown off Tarpaian rock on Rome's Capitoline hill
Defrauding a client – executed
Perjury - executed
Judge who took a bribe – executed
Conspiring with an enemy or delivering a Roman citizen to an enemy – executed
Vestal Virgins who were unchaste - buried alive
Infant deformities - put to death shortly after birth, and parents could kill infants if at least five neighbors consented.
Roman Patriarchs - could sell his son or daughter into slavery, could have a rebellious son put to death, daughters could be sold in marriage, could choose son’s wife or declare when to divorce.
Slavery in Rome
Important part of Roman society:
-debtors could be forced into slavery
-children could be sold into slavery
-traitors or conquered peoples became slaves
-slaves had no rights – property.
- could be killed, sold or abused.
- they could earn money and eventually buy freedom.
Class System
Plebeians were common citizens.
Patricians were aristocracy.
Military created varying classes:
Plebeian cavalrymen were Equites.
Slaves were made up of conquered people and debtors.
Wars
Gauls-390 BCE
Samanite Wars- 343 – 282 BCE
Punic Wars- 264-241, 218-202, 149-146 BCE
Macedonian Wars- 215, 197, 168 BCE
Julius Caesar’s Campaigns
Battle of Pharsalus - 48 BCE
Battle of Actium - 31 BCE
Tiberius Gracchus
Noble family, valiant military leader - complained warriors did not receive appreciation for securing Rome and poor needed land
In 133 he was elected as a tribune – ultimately to be killed
First recorded, political murder in Rome, in 400 years
Gains would soon follow (123)
Julius Caesar
First dictator of Rome 49 – 44 BCE:
Started out in a Spanish posting, then went on to govern over public games
Eventually became a consul. Conquered areas of the Rhine –leading to an attack on Rome.
Thus Julius Caesar was voted Dictator.
The Egypt saga led to his assassination on the 15th of March 44 BCE
Thus begins the era of Caesars
Octavian Augustus Caesar
First Emperor of Rome (44 BCE – 14 AD):
Took the name of Augustus
Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son.
Defeated conservatives who had Caesar assassinated.
Defeated Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra in 27 BCE
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME ENDED (70 BCE – 14 AD)
Religion
Pantheon of gods, Jupiter ruling on Mt. Olympus, patron god of Rome
Mars –god of land and war was important to Rome
Vesta – goddess of fire
Venus – bringer of good fortune and victory, protector of feminine chastity.
RELIGIOUS PARTICIPATION was a patriotic duty.
Pontifex Maximus – religious head of Roman church.
Economics and Trade
Economy - trade and now, war.
Slave populations - all time highs (as high as 80%), eventually devaluing the market.
War increased, farmers decreased having a direct impact on the growth of Roman crops.
Taxes and tributes helped fund building projects, the military and public works.
Booty from war helped raise the standard of living for soldiers at various times.
Merchant class contributed to the economy and politics
Roads, bridges, and cities were built.
Literature and the Arts
Horace –poet, adapted Greek poetic meters to Latin
Vergil – epic poet of the Golden Age, wrote Aeneid
Ovid – exiled by Augustus, wrote sensual poetry
Livy – historian, believed in the virtues
Science and Philosophy
Romans were much more conservative and inhibited than the Greeks.
Astronomy was rejected, as was Greek medicine and philosophy.
Advances in military technology were made, while manufacturing technology again suffered.
The Decline of Rome (began around 120 CE)
Government lacked fiscal resources to maintain vast empire.
Lack of cohesion made government unstable.
Continual war eventually weakened ties of loyalty, disturbed trade, city life, etc.
Economic disruption reduced prosperity and tax revenues (concentration of land, number of tenants increased).
Slavery declined and regions focused internally.
Epidemics significantly reduced populations sizes.
Notes PP Hebrews
Kush and Axum
Five Cultures
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus Valley
Shang China
Olmecs
Hebrews and Monotheism
Hebrew Society
Originally semi-nomadic herders (goats and sheep)
Lacked metal working, written language, sophisticated craftsmanship
Lived in tents
Patriarchal structure, tied to priesthood
Family and tribal loyalties
Justice was central to their life
Originally carried their religion with them:
Ark of the Covenant
Monotheism
Issues of El and Ba’al
Strife and conflict within Hebrew society
Validity of the Torah
Relationship between God and man
A Nation
The prophet Samuel selected a king
Saul, David, Solomon
Expansion and cohesion
Writing and calendaring are utilized
Warriors, taxes, trade, metallurgy, public works, agriculture
Israel and Judah split
Israel, Judah, Pheonicia, Damascus and Assyria politically embroiled
Weakening of a Hebrew nation ultimately led to displacement
Hebrew Writing
Record keeping people
Continuity of culture
Supports political life and commerce
Bears witness to relationship between the Hebrews and their god
Serves as historical insight
Religion
Ritual sacrifice
Priesthood
Annual holidays
Diet
Clothing/physical appearance
Temples and synagogues
Women
Sacred writings
The western wall of the Jewish temple
Five Cultures
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus Valley
Shang China
Olmecs
Hebrews and Monotheism
Hebrew Society
Originally semi-nomadic herders (goats and sheep)
Lacked metal working, written language, sophisticated craftsmanship
Lived in tents
Patriarchal structure, tied to priesthood
Family and tribal loyalties
Justice was central to their life
Originally carried their religion with them:
Ark of the Covenant
Monotheism
Issues of El and Ba’al
Strife and conflict within Hebrew society
Validity of the Torah
Relationship between God and man
A Nation
The prophet Samuel selected a king
Saul, David, Solomon
Expansion and cohesion
Writing and calendaring are utilized
Warriors, taxes, trade, metallurgy, public works, agriculture
Israel and Judah split
Israel, Judah, Pheonicia, Damascus and Assyria politically embroiled
Weakening of a Hebrew nation ultimately led to displacement
Hebrew Writing
Record keeping people
Continuity of culture
Supports political life and commerce
Bears witness to relationship between the Hebrews and their god
Serves as historical insight
Religion
Ritual sacrifice
Priesthood
Annual holidays
Diet
Clothing/physical appearance
Temples and synagogues
Women
Sacred writings
The western wall of the Jewish temple
Notes Roman Government
EXECUTIVE BRANCH -- the elected magistrates
Collegiality: With the exception of the dictatorship, all offices were collegial, that is, held by at least two men. All members of a college were of equal rank and could veto acts of other members; higher magistrates could veto acts of lower magistrates. The name of each office listed below is followed (in parentheses) by the number of office-holders; note that in several cases the number changes over time (normally increasing).
Annual tenure: With the exception of the dictatorship (6 months) and the censorship (18 months), the term of office was limited to one year. The rules for holding office for multiple or sucessive terms were a matter of considerable contention over time.
CONSULS (2): chief civil and military magistrates; invested with imperium (consular imperium was considered maius ("greater") than that of praetors); convened senate and curiate and centuriate assemblies.
PRAETORS (2-8): had imperium; main functions (1) military commands (governors) (2) administered civil law at Rome.
AEDILES (2): plebian (plebian only) and curule (plebian or patrician); in charge of religious festivals, public games, temples, upkeep of city, regulation of marketplaces, grain supply.
QUAESTORS (2-40): financial officers and administrative assistants (civil and military); in charge of state treasury at Rome; in field, served as quartermasters and seconds- in-command.
TRIBUNES (2-10): charged with protection of lives and property of plebians; their persons were inviolable (sacrosanct); had power of veto (Lat. "I forbid") over elections, laws, decrees of the senate, and the acts of all other magistrates (except dictator); convened tribal assembly and elicited plebiscites, which after 287 B.C. (lex Hortensia) had force of law.
CENSORS (2): elected every 5 years to conduct census, enroll new citizens, review roll of senate; controlled public morals and supervised leasing of public contracts; in protocol ranked below praetors and above aediles, but in practice, the pinnacle of a senatorial career (ex- consuls only) -- enormous prestige and influence (auctoritas).
DICTATOR (1): in times of military emergency appointed by consuls; dictator appointed a Master of the Horse to lead cavalry; tenure limited to 6 months or duration of crisis, whichever was shorter; not subject to veto.
SENATE
-originally an advisory board composed of the heads of patrician families, came to be an assembly of former magistrates (ex-consuls, -praetors, and -questors, though the last appear to have had relatively little influence); the most powerful organ of Republican government and the only body of state that could develop consistent long-term policy.
-enacted "decrees of the senate" (senatus consulta), which apparenly had not formal authority, but often in practice decided matters.
-took cognizance of virtually all public matters, but most important areas of competence were in foreign policy (including the conduct of war) and financial administration.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH -- the three citizen assemblies (cf. Senate)
-all 3 assemblies included the entire electorate, but each had a different internal organization (and therefore differences in the weight of an individual citizen's vote).
-all 3 assemblies made up of voting units; the single vote of each voting unit determined by a majority of the voters in that unit; measures passed by a simple majority of the units.
-called comitia. specifically the comitia curiata, comitia centuriata, and comitia plebis tributa (also the concilium plebis or comitia populi tributa).
CURIATE ASSEMBLY: oldest (early Rome); units of organization: the 30 curiae (sing: curia) of the early city (10 for each of the early, "Romulan" tribes), based on clan and family associations; became obsolete as a legislative body but preserved functions of endowing senior magistrates with imperium and witnessing religious affairs. The head of each curia ages at least 50 and elected for life; assembly effectively controled by patricians, partially through clientela)
CENTURIATE ASSEMBLY: most important; units of organization: 193 centuries, based on wealth and age; originally military units with membership based on capability to furnish armed men in groups of 100 (convened outside pomerium); elected censors and magistrates with imperium (consuls and praetors); proper body for declaring war; passed some laws (leges, sing. lex); served as highest court of appeal in cases involving capital punishment. 118 centuries controlled by top 3 of 9 "classes" (minimum property qualifications for third class in first cent. B.C.-HS 75,000); assembly controlled by landed aristocracy.
TRIBAL ASSEMBLY: originally for election of tribunes and deliberation of plebeians; units of organization: the urban and 31 rural tribes, based on place of residence until 241 B.C., thereafter local significance largely lost; elected lower magistrates (tribunes, aediles, quaestors); since simpler to convene and register 35 tribes than 193 centuries, more frequently used to pass legislation (plebiscites). Voting in favor of 31 less densely populated rural tribes; presence in Rome require to cast ballot: assembly controlled by landed aristocracy (villa owners). Eventually became chief law-making body. < criminal and civil -- BRANCH>Civil litigation: chief official-Praetor. The praetor did not try cases but presided only in preliminary stages; determined nature of suit and issued a "formula" precisely defining the legal point(s) at issue, then assigned case to be tried before a delegated judge (iudex) or board of arbiters (3-5 recuperatores for minor cases, one of the four panels of "The one hundred men" (centumviri) for causes célèbres (inheritances and financial affairs of the rich)). Judge or arbiters heard case, rendered judgment, and imposed fine.
Criminal prosecution: originally major crimes against the state tried before centuriate assembly, but by late Republic (after Sulla) most cases prosecuted before one of the quaestiones perpetuae ("standing jury courts"), each with a specific jurisdiction, e.g., treason (maiestas), electoral corruption (ambitus), extortion in the provinces (repetundae), embezzlement of public funds, murder and poisoning, forgery, violence (vis), etc. Juries were large (c. 50-75 members), composed of senators and (after the tribunate of C. Gracchus in 122) knights, and were empanelled from an annual list of eligible jurors (briefly restricted to the senate again by Sulla).
OTHER
First plebeian consul in 366 B.C., first plebeian dictator 356, first plebeian censor 351, first plebeian praetor 336.
The many priestly colleges (flamines, augures, pontifex maximus, etc.) were also state offices, held mostly by patricians.
Imperium is the power of magistrates to command armies and (within limits) to coerce citizens.
Collegiality: With the exception of the dictatorship, all offices were collegial, that is, held by at least two men. All members of a college were of equal rank and could veto acts of other members; higher magistrates could veto acts of lower magistrates. The name of each office listed below is followed (in parentheses) by the number of office-holders; note that in several cases the number changes over time (normally increasing).
Annual tenure: With the exception of the dictatorship (6 months) and the censorship (18 months), the term of office was limited to one year. The rules for holding office for multiple or sucessive terms were a matter of considerable contention over time.
CONSULS (2): chief civil and military magistrates; invested with imperium (consular imperium was considered maius ("greater") than that of praetors); convened senate and curiate and centuriate assemblies.
PRAETORS (2-8): had imperium; main functions (1) military commands (governors) (2) administered civil law at Rome.
AEDILES (2): plebian (plebian only) and curule (plebian or patrician); in charge of religious festivals, public games, temples, upkeep of city, regulation of marketplaces, grain supply.
QUAESTORS (2-40): financial officers and administrative assistants (civil and military); in charge of state treasury at Rome; in field, served as quartermasters and seconds- in-command.
TRIBUNES (2-10): charged with protection of lives and property of plebians; their persons were inviolable (sacrosanct); had power of veto (Lat. "I forbid") over elections, laws, decrees of the senate, and the acts of all other magistrates (except dictator); convened tribal assembly and elicited plebiscites, which after 287 B.C. (lex Hortensia) had force of law.
CENSORS (2): elected every 5 years to conduct census, enroll new citizens, review roll of senate; controlled public morals and supervised leasing of public contracts; in protocol ranked below praetors and above aediles, but in practice, the pinnacle of a senatorial career (ex- consuls only) -- enormous prestige and influence (auctoritas).
DICTATOR (1): in times of military emergency appointed by consuls; dictator appointed a Master of the Horse to lead cavalry; tenure limited to 6 months or duration of crisis, whichever was shorter; not subject to veto.
SENATE
-originally an advisory board composed of the heads of patrician families, came to be an assembly of former magistrates (ex-consuls, -praetors, and -questors, though the last appear to have had relatively little influence); the most powerful organ of Republican government and the only body of state that could develop consistent long-term policy.
-enacted "decrees of the senate" (senatus consulta), which apparenly had not formal authority, but often in practice decided matters.
-took cognizance of virtually all public matters, but most important areas of competence were in foreign policy (including the conduct of war) and financial administration.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH -- the three citizen assemblies (cf. Senate)
-all 3 assemblies included the entire electorate, but each had a different internal organization (and therefore differences in the weight of an individual citizen's vote).
-all 3 assemblies made up of voting units; the single vote of each voting unit determined by a majority of the voters in that unit; measures passed by a simple majority of the units.
-called comitia. specifically the comitia curiata, comitia centuriata, and comitia plebis tributa (also the concilium plebis or comitia populi tributa).
CURIATE ASSEMBLY: oldest (early Rome); units of organization: the 30 curiae (sing: curia) of the early city (10 for each of the early, "Romulan" tribes), based on clan and family associations; became obsolete as a legislative body but preserved functions of endowing senior magistrates with imperium and witnessing religious affairs. The head of each curia ages at least 50 and elected for life; assembly effectively controled by patricians, partially through clientela)
CENTURIATE ASSEMBLY: most important; units of organization: 193 centuries, based on wealth and age; originally military units with membership based on capability to furnish armed men in groups of 100 (convened outside pomerium); elected censors and magistrates with imperium (consuls and praetors); proper body for declaring war; passed some laws (leges, sing. lex); served as highest court of appeal in cases involving capital punishment. 118 centuries controlled by top 3 of 9 "classes" (minimum property qualifications for third class in first cent. B.C.-HS 75,000); assembly controlled by landed aristocracy.
TRIBAL ASSEMBLY: originally for election of tribunes and deliberation of plebeians; units of organization: the urban and 31 rural tribes, based on place of residence until 241 B.C., thereafter local significance largely lost; elected lower magistrates (tribunes, aediles, quaestors); since simpler to convene and register 35 tribes than 193 centuries, more frequently used to pass legislation (plebiscites). Voting in favor of 31 less densely populated rural tribes; presence in Rome require to cast ballot: assembly controlled by landed aristocracy (villa owners). Eventually became chief law-making body. < criminal and civil -- BRANCH>Civil litigation: chief official-Praetor. The praetor did not try cases but presided only in preliminary stages; determined nature of suit and issued a "formula" precisely defining the legal point(s) at issue, then assigned case to be tried before a delegated judge (iudex) or board of arbiters (3-5 recuperatores for minor cases, one of the four panels of "The one hundred men" (centumviri) for causes célèbres (inheritances and financial affairs of the rich)). Judge or arbiters heard case, rendered judgment, and imposed fine.
Criminal prosecution: originally major crimes against the state tried before centuriate assembly, but by late Republic (after Sulla) most cases prosecuted before one of the quaestiones perpetuae ("standing jury courts"), each with a specific jurisdiction, e.g., treason (maiestas), electoral corruption (ambitus), extortion in the provinces (repetundae), embezzlement of public funds, murder and poisoning, forgery, violence (vis), etc. Juries were large (c. 50-75 members), composed of senators and (after the tribunate of C. Gracchus in 122) knights, and were empanelled from an annual list of eligible jurors (briefly restricted to the senate again by Sulla).
OTHER
First plebeian consul in 366 B.C., first plebeian dictator 356, first plebeian censor 351, first plebeian praetor 336.
The many priestly colleges (flamines, augures, pontifex maximus, etc.) were also state offices, held mostly by patricians.
Imperium is the power of magistrates to command armies and (within limits) to coerce citizens.
Study Guide Midterm 1 Part 1/3
Review ALL Quizzes
How do the works, The Epic of Gilgamesh and Hammurabi’s Code reflect similar or different values to the Modern World?
What is a patriarchal society? What is a matriarchal society? Discuss sedentary civilization and the relationship to agriculture. How did nomadic groups spread
How are the values of Eastern cultures different from Western religious ideas?
What is polytheism? Monotheism?
What changed from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age? And Bronze Age to Iron age?
Discuss Neolithic man and hunter gatherer groups. What was religion like for these human and what was the role of men and women like?
What was the first civilization? Where was it located and why is this significant?
What is the difference between a sedentary community and a civilization?
What is the difference between civilization and empire?
Discuss the five river valley civilizations: where (on a map) are they located, what were the cultures, religion, languages and social structure like? How were they governed? What was the role of women in these societies? Slaves? What were the laws like?
What is the Four Great Revolutions? Why are they historically significant?
Discuss life in Egypt: social structure, religion, culture and war. Why was writing important?
Discuss the building of the Pyramids and the process of mummification.
Why was Egypt so successful at maintaining its culture and civilization for so long? How long did it last?
Why were the Assyrians so successful at establishing their Near Eastern Empire? How did it differ from the Hittites and Egyptians?
How is the history of the early Indus Valley civilizations differ from those in China, Mesopotamia and Egypt?
What were the stages of early Chinese history?
Discuss the Olmec civilization.
Define:
Cuneiform
Hieroglyphs
Indo-Euroepean
Aryans
Mahabharata and Ramayana
Mandate of Heaven
Paleolitic Age
Pharaoh
Raja
Upanishads
Vedas
Why was Chinese philosophy important? Identify and discuss: Legalism, Daoism, and Confucianism?
Why is Hebrew Monotheism important?
Discuss the Indian religion and Hinduism.
How do the works, The Epic of Gilgamesh and Hammurabi’s Code reflect similar or different values to the Modern World?
What is a patriarchal society? What is a matriarchal society? Discuss sedentary civilization and the relationship to agriculture. How did nomadic groups spread
How are the values of Eastern cultures different from Western religious ideas?
What is polytheism? Monotheism?
What changed from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age? And Bronze Age to Iron age?
Discuss Neolithic man and hunter gatherer groups. What was religion like for these human and what was the role of men and women like?
What was the first civilization? Where was it located and why is this significant?
What is the difference between a sedentary community and a civilization?
What is the difference between civilization and empire?
Discuss the five river valley civilizations: where (on a map) are they located, what were the cultures, religion, languages and social structure like? How were they governed? What was the role of women in these societies? Slaves? What were the laws like?
What is the Four Great Revolutions? Why are they historically significant?
Discuss life in Egypt: social structure, religion, culture and war. Why was writing important?
Discuss the building of the Pyramids and the process of mummification.
Why was Egypt so successful at maintaining its culture and civilization for so long? How long did it last?
Why were the Assyrians so successful at establishing their Near Eastern Empire? How did it differ from the Hittites and Egyptians?
How is the history of the early Indus Valley civilizations differ from those in China, Mesopotamia and Egypt?
What were the stages of early Chinese history?
Discuss the Olmec civilization.
Define:
Cuneiform
Hieroglyphs
Indo-Euroepean
Aryans
Mahabharata and Ramayana
Mandate of Heaven
Paleolitic Age
Pharaoh
Raja
Upanishads
Vedas
Why was Chinese philosophy important? Identify and discuss: Legalism, Daoism, and Confucianism?
Why is Hebrew Monotheism important?
Discuss the Indian religion and Hinduism.
Study Guide Midterm 1 Part 3/3
The classical society of Greece flourished at what time?
Who was Alexander the Great? What was the “Hellenistic Period?”
Describe Greek polytheism. Be able to indentify the major gods and goddesses.
After adopting the Phoenician’s alphabet, the Iliad and the Odyssey were recorded. How did this affirm a mythic foundation for their culture?
What is the nature of Zeus in the Iliad? Who are Achilles and Hektor?
What is a Polis? How did its creation eventually influence loyalty within Greece?
Compare the political structure of Greece to China and Egypt.
How did the Peloponnesian War affect Athens, Sparta, and Greece as a nation?
What stopped Alexander’s (the Great) desire for a ‘multinational empire?’
Who was Aristotle? Who was Plato? And who were the Stoics? What were their political views?
Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
What was lyric poetry?
What was the social structure of Greek society? How did economics (trade,
commerce and agriculture) influence Greece? How were women viewed? Slavery? Class divisions? Education?
What trends of Greek society do we see in the world today?
Define:
Cyrus the Great
Socrates
Direct democracy
Pericles
Persian Wars
Sophocles
Alexandria
How were the Romans related to the Greeks? What traditions did they carry on? What were their religious beliefs/institutions?
What was the political structure of Rome? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics?
Who made up Roman armies? How did Rome maintain and encourage loyalty, even with conquered peoples?
How did the wealth of war effect Roman society? And the structure of local government?
Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
What was Augustus’ major contribution to Rome?
Discuss taxation, commerce and public works.
Discuss the origins of Christianity. Who was Jesus of Nazareth?
How was the Christian church organized? Why did they use Greek?
What elements led to Rome’s decline?
What in society today comes from Rome?
Compare and contrast Greece, Rome, China and Egypt.
Define:
Etruscans
Plebeians
Carthage
Republic
Vergil
Ovid
Natural Law
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul
Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another? Discuss Christian theology.
What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?
How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?
According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?
What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?
What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?
Define:
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion
Who was Alexander the Great? What was the “Hellenistic Period?”
Describe Greek polytheism. Be able to indentify the major gods and goddesses.
After adopting the Phoenician’s alphabet, the Iliad and the Odyssey were recorded. How did this affirm a mythic foundation for their culture?
What is the nature of Zeus in the Iliad? Who are Achilles and Hektor?
What is a Polis? How did its creation eventually influence loyalty within Greece?
Compare the political structure of Greece to China and Egypt.
How did the Peloponnesian War affect Athens, Sparta, and Greece as a nation?
What stopped Alexander’s (the Great) desire for a ‘multinational empire?’
Who was Aristotle? Who was Plato? And who were the Stoics? What were their political views?
Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
What was lyric poetry?
What was the social structure of Greek society? How did economics (trade,
commerce and agriculture) influence Greece? How were women viewed? Slavery? Class divisions? Education?
What trends of Greek society do we see in the world today?
Define:
Cyrus the Great
Socrates
Direct democracy
Pericles
Persian Wars
Sophocles
Alexandria
How were the Romans related to the Greeks? What traditions did they carry on? What were their religious beliefs/institutions?
What was the political structure of Rome? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics?
Who made up Roman armies? How did Rome maintain and encourage loyalty, even with conquered peoples?
How did the wealth of war effect Roman society? And the structure of local government?
Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
What was Augustus’ major contribution to Rome?
Discuss taxation, commerce and public works.
Discuss the origins of Christianity. Who was Jesus of Nazareth?
How was the Christian church organized? Why did they use Greek?
What elements led to Rome’s decline?
What in society today comes from Rome?
Compare and contrast Greece, Rome, China and Egypt.
Define:
Etruscans
Plebeians
Carthage
Republic
Vergil
Ovid
Natural Law
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul
Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another? Discuss Christian theology.
What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?
How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?
According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?
What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?
What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?
Define:
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion
Thursday, May 6, 2010
PP Notes Persia and Greece
The Achaemenid Period The Hellenistic World
Persia: First Empire
Expansion to control Near East:
Cyrus the Great – Babylon 539 BCE
Expansion into Egypt, Asia Minor
Attacks Greek city-states:
Darius I attacks Greek mainland
Persians invade again under Xerxes
Ideology of rule:
Persian ruler was ‘King of Kings’ (shahanshah)
Satraps – local rulers over native region
Achaemenid Dynasty
Cyrus the Great, 559 – 530 BCE
Created empire, start of dynasty
Darius I, 522 – 486 BCE
Developed mature empire
Empire expands to largest extent
Xerxes, 486 – 465 BCE
Lost battle against Greece
Ended expansion
Stable period until civil war 404
Persian Decline: ends with Macedon conquest
Last Achaemenid: Darius III, 336 – 330 BCE
Cyrus Cylinder
I am Cyrus, King of the globe, great king, mighty king, King of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akad, King of ......, king of the four quarters of Earth, son of Cambysis (Kambujiye), great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus (Kurosh), great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes (Chaish Pish), great king, king of Anshan, progeny of an unending royal line, whose rule, The Gods, Bel and Nabu cherish, whose kingship they desire for their hearts' and pleasures.
When I … entered Babylon, I had established the seat of government… Marduk the great god, induced the magnanimous inhabitants of Babylon to love me, and I sought daily to worship him … I did not allow anyone to terrorize the people of the lands of Sumer and Akad and ...... I kept in view, the needs of the people and all their sanctuaries to promote their well being. I strove for peace in Babylon ... As to the inhabitants of Babylon who against the will of the gods were enslaved, I abolished the corvee … I brought relief to their dilapidated housing… Marduk, the great lord, was well pleased with my deeds, rejoiced and to me, Cyrus, the king who worshipped him… to all my troops he graciously gave his blessing, and in good sprit, before him we stood peacefully and praised him joyously.
All the kings who sat in throne rooms, throughout the four quarters, from the Upper Sea (Mediterranean Sea) to the Lower Sea (Persian Gulf), those who dwelt in ...... the holy cities beyond the Tigris River, whose sanctuaries had been in ruins over a long period, the gods whose abode is in the midst of them, I returned to their places and housed them in lasting abodes.
I also gathered all their former inhabitants and returned to them their habitations. Furthermore, I resettled upon the command of Marduk, the great lord, all the gods of Sumer …into Babylon to the anger of the lord of the gods, unharmed, in their former chapels…
Rise of Macedon
Philip of Macedon:
Fall of Greece
End of Athenian democracy
Alexander the Great:
Conquers Persia
Extends empire to India
Spreads Greek culture to the east
Intermarries and has his soldiers do so
Dies young, causing empire to be divided
Empire split into different kingdoms
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
Ptolemies:
Names for Ptolemy – last Egyptian monarch was Cleopatra
Rule from Alexandria
Seleucids:
Named for Seleucus
Ruled from Mesopotamia and Antioch
Lost Mesopotamia (to kingdom of Parthia)
Ptolemies and Seleucids fight over Levant:
Replicates pattern of empires of the Bronze Age
Shapes early history of Judaism
Independent Jewish state under Maccabees
Other kingdoms:
Pergamum – city on coast of Asia Minor (Attalid dynasty)
Antigonids – would control Greece, Macedon and parts of Asia Minor
Persia: First Empire
Expansion to control Near East:
Cyrus the Great – Babylon 539 BCE
Expansion into Egypt, Asia Minor
Attacks Greek city-states:
Darius I attacks Greek mainland
Persians invade again under Xerxes
Ideology of rule:
Persian ruler was ‘King of Kings’ (shahanshah)
Satraps – local rulers over native region
Achaemenid Dynasty
Cyrus the Great, 559 – 530 BCE
Created empire, start of dynasty
Darius I, 522 – 486 BCE
Developed mature empire
Empire expands to largest extent
Xerxes, 486 – 465 BCE
Lost battle against Greece
Ended expansion
Stable period until civil war 404
Persian Decline: ends with Macedon conquest
Last Achaemenid: Darius III, 336 – 330 BCE
Cyrus Cylinder
I am Cyrus, King of the globe, great king, mighty king, King of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akad, King of ......, king of the four quarters of Earth, son of Cambysis (Kambujiye), great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus (Kurosh), great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes (Chaish Pish), great king, king of Anshan, progeny of an unending royal line, whose rule, The Gods, Bel and Nabu cherish, whose kingship they desire for their hearts' and pleasures.
When I … entered Babylon, I had established the seat of government… Marduk the great god, induced the magnanimous inhabitants of Babylon to love me, and I sought daily to worship him … I did not allow anyone to terrorize the people of the lands of Sumer and Akad and ...... I kept in view, the needs of the people and all their sanctuaries to promote their well being. I strove for peace in Babylon ... As to the inhabitants of Babylon who against the will of the gods were enslaved, I abolished the corvee … I brought relief to their dilapidated housing… Marduk, the great lord, was well pleased with my deeds, rejoiced and to me, Cyrus, the king who worshipped him… to all my troops he graciously gave his blessing, and in good sprit, before him we stood peacefully and praised him joyously.
All the kings who sat in throne rooms, throughout the four quarters, from the Upper Sea (Mediterranean Sea) to the Lower Sea (Persian Gulf), those who dwelt in ...... the holy cities beyond the Tigris River, whose sanctuaries had been in ruins over a long period, the gods whose abode is in the midst of them, I returned to their places and housed them in lasting abodes.
I also gathered all their former inhabitants and returned to them their habitations. Furthermore, I resettled upon the command of Marduk, the great lord, all the gods of Sumer …into Babylon to the anger of the lord of the gods, unharmed, in their former chapels…
Rise of Macedon
Philip of Macedon:
Fall of Greece
End of Athenian democracy
Alexander the Great:
Conquers Persia
Extends empire to India
Spreads Greek culture to the east
Intermarries and has his soldiers do so
Dies young, causing empire to be divided
Empire split into different kingdoms
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
Ptolemies:
Names for Ptolemy – last Egyptian monarch was Cleopatra
Rule from Alexandria
Seleucids:
Named for Seleucus
Ruled from Mesopotamia and Antioch
Lost Mesopotamia (to kingdom of Parthia)
Ptolemies and Seleucids fight over Levant:
Replicates pattern of empires of the Bronze Age
Shapes early history of Judaism
Independent Jewish state under Maccabees
Other kingdoms:
Pergamum – city on coast of Asia Minor (Attalid dynasty)
Antigonids – would control Greece, Macedon and parts of Asia Minor
PP Notes Persia
Persia
Located in modern day Iran
Medes unified Persia in 625 BCE
Achaemenid Dynasty 550 – 330 BCE
Empire – Middle East, Greece and central Asia
Achaemenid Dynasty – Great builders
Zoroastrianism:
Monotheistic, virgin birth, heaven
Advanced craftmanship
Persian carpets, textiles, pottery, jewelry, metallurgy
Persian Army
Elite Corps – Immortal 10,000
With this the Royal Guard
Decimal – Divisions of 10,000, Battalions of 1000, Companies of 100 and Squads of 10
Empire:
Satrap: conquered regions (20 to 30 a time)
Tax: sliding scale depending on Satrap and productivity (paid in gold or silver, grains, goods, etc)
Persia: No taxes
First capital was at Susa
Built a canal between Nile and Red Sea
Developed a major road system
Minted coins
Highly organized and effective administration
Was the largest empire (under Cyrus and Darius) human history to that point
Practiced tolerance and respect for other religions/cultures
Located in modern day Iran
Medes unified Persia in 625 BCE
Achaemenid Dynasty 550 – 330 BCE
Empire – Middle East, Greece and central Asia
Achaemenid Dynasty – Great builders
Zoroastrianism:
Monotheistic, virgin birth, heaven
Advanced craftmanship
Persian carpets, textiles, pottery, jewelry, metallurgy
Persian Army
Elite Corps – Immortal 10,000
With this the Royal Guard
Decimal – Divisions of 10,000, Battalions of 1000, Companies of 100 and Squads of 10
Empire:
Satrap: conquered regions (20 to 30 a time)
Tax: sliding scale depending on Satrap and productivity (paid in gold or silver, grains, goods, etc)
Persia: No taxes
First capital was at Susa
Built a canal between Nile and Red Sea
Developed a major road system
Minted coins
Highly organized and effective administration
Was the largest empire (under Cyrus and Darius) human history to that point
Practiced tolerance and respect for other religions/cultures
PP Notes Alexander
Alexander the Great
Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
Using the Macedon hegemony, he unified Greek city-states
This was called the‘League of Corinth’
His son, Alexander the Great (aka Alexander III of Macedon), defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Started his campaign Archaemenid Persian Empire
The went on to aquire Anatolia, Syria, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, Bactria and Mesopotamia
Considered one of the most successful military leaders of all time
Undefeated
Dominated Egypt to Persia and India (Punjab) but was halted by military mutiny
Intended to move into Arabian Peninsula
Left men behind in conquered areas
Incorporated foreigners into his army
‘Policy of fusion’
Aristotle had been his tutor – rhetoric, literature, science, math, philosophy
Alexander had the skills of great diplomacy when it served him
Would adopt some local customs and make them his own
He had a life long companion: Hephaestion
Three wives: Roxana of a Bactrian nobleman, Statiera a Persian Princess and Parysatis also Persian
Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Executed those regents over conquered lands who did not behave - loyalty
For twelve straight years he campaigned and expanded his Empire
Died young (323 BCE) in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon
thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Many theories regarding his death, but no set heir
Empire is divided up
Poltemaic Egypt
Took on the role of Pharaoh
Cultural preservation, imbued with Hellinisim (upper levels of society)
Gap between rich and poor increased
Enjoyed peace until internal rebellion
Alexandria would thrive
Seleucid Asia
Would not hold the boarders
Allowed some autonomy, again imparting Hellenic culture
Persian dynastic rule
Continued planting cities: Antioch
Large tax collectin
Antigonid Macedon /Greece
Instability
Strong military and dominated Aegean
Stoic approach
Dealt with uprisings: Aetolian League and Achaean League
Greek Culture
Arts: idealistic, romantic, tolerant
Drama: tragedy, passion, satire, steeped in social and political commentary
Literature: Epics, great drama
Greek Culture
Philosophy: involved in politics, relative to experience, forms and virtuous life
Science:
War: strong dependence on hopelite tactics, naval strength
Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
Using the Macedon hegemony, he unified Greek city-states
This was called the‘League of Corinth’
His son, Alexander the Great (aka Alexander III of Macedon), defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Started his campaign Archaemenid Persian Empire
The went on to aquire Anatolia, Syria, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, Bactria and Mesopotamia
Considered one of the most successful military leaders of all time
Undefeated
Dominated Egypt to Persia and India (Punjab) but was halted by military mutiny
Intended to move into Arabian Peninsula
Left men behind in conquered areas
Incorporated foreigners into his army
‘Policy of fusion’
Aristotle had been his tutor – rhetoric, literature, science, math, philosophy
Alexander had the skills of great diplomacy when it served him
Would adopt some local customs and make them his own
He had a life long companion: Hephaestion
Three wives: Roxana of a Bactrian nobleman, Statiera a Persian Princess and Parysatis also Persian
Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Executed those regents over conquered lands who did not behave - loyalty
For twelve straight years he campaigned and expanded his Empire
Died young (323 BCE) in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon
thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Many theories regarding his death, but no set heir
Empire is divided up
Poltemaic Egypt
Took on the role of Pharaoh
Cultural preservation, imbued with Hellinisim (upper levels of society)
Gap between rich and poor increased
Enjoyed peace until internal rebellion
Alexandria would thrive
Seleucid Asia
Would not hold the boarders
Allowed some autonomy, again imparting Hellenic culture
Persian dynastic rule
Continued planting cities: Antioch
Large tax collectin
Antigonid Macedon /Greece
Instability
Strong military and dominated Aegean
Stoic approach
Dealt with uprisings: Aetolian League and Achaean League
Greek Culture
Arts: idealistic, romantic, tolerant
Drama: tragedy, passion, satire, steeped in social and political commentary
Literature: Epics, great drama
Greek Culture
Philosophy: involved in politics, relative to experience, forms and virtuous life
Science:
War: strong dependence on hopelite tactics, naval strength
PP Notes Sparta
SPARTA
Timeline
2000 – 1600 BCE Middle Bronze Age
1600 – 1100 Late Bronze Age (Mycenaean Age)
1200 Downfall of Bronze Age
1000 Dorians settle Sparta and Laconia
800 Sparta expands to include Amyclae
776 Olympic Games founded
735 Spartans invade Messenia (First Messenian War)
720 Accession of Theopompus
490 Battle of Marathon
480 Battle of Thermopylae
478 Sparta withdraws from anti-Persian alliance
464 Great Earthquake at Sparta
445 30 Years’ Peace with Athenian alliance
431 Peloponnesian War Begins
(Mainly focus on Sparta from 480 – 360)
By the 7th century:
Laconia was ruled by the Dorians
Eurotas Valley is fertile due to the Eurotas River
LYCURGUS
Lycurgus is the ruler credited with designing the social and political system of Sparta
Plutarch claimed that it is likely he was more than one ruler (a composite)
-legend has it that upon a moment of extreme crisis he convinced Spartans to turn their society over to him, including the implementation of Agoge
SPARTAN STATE
Totalitarian
Patriarchal
Warrior based
Valued ‘might’
Two Kings (descended from Heracles) were seen as ‘first among equals’
Ephors – five advisors to the kings (often held the power)
Gerousia – council of elders who advised the assembly of citizens
Damos – Citizen assembly (warrior citizens were equals)
(Only men)
Limited to a warrior class – land ownership
Wealth which freed men up to serve in the military and focus on training
Nature of citizenship kept military elite to a small number (not even kings could survive mistakes in battle)
Forbidden to engage in trade or craft of any type
Spartan Citizens - Land owning men who were native to Sparta (had political voice and subject to military training)
Other Laconians (not Sparta born) – free and could be conscripted into military service but not citizens
Women and slaves were not part of the system: Property
Serfs (Helots) were non-people (animals)
HELOTS
-most important group in Sparta, provided economic base
-subjugated for 300 years by Spartans
-native residents of empire who were not Spartan citizens
MAKING AN ARMY
UNIFORM
COMBAT
ANDREIA – virility or manliness (courage required to fight in hoplite combat)
Hoplite – ferocious, hand to hand combat
Phalanx – infantry formation, tight knit, shields up and interlocked creating a type of protective shell over the men
VIRTUES
Courage
Blind faith
Complete obedience
Denial of pain or bodily discomfort (cold, heat, hunger)
Rejection of ‘civilized’ comfort (hence the modern use of ‘laconic’)
VALUES
Legal limit on personal possessions
Jewelry and precious metal was outlawed
Used iron (unattractive, heavy) as currency
Generated an ‘esprit de corps’ among Spartans
GLORY - Only via battle
WAR
Calculated the cost of engaging in battle
Amassed as many allies as possible
Core of the military unit were always Spartans
Led by Spartan kings
SPARTA & ATHENS
Timeline
2000 – 1600 BCE Middle Bronze Age
1600 – 1100 Late Bronze Age (Mycenaean Age)
1200 Downfall of Bronze Age
1000 Dorians settle Sparta and Laconia
800 Sparta expands to include Amyclae
776 Olympic Games founded
735 Spartans invade Messenia (First Messenian War)
720 Accession of Theopompus
490 Battle of Marathon
480 Battle of Thermopylae
478 Sparta withdraws from anti-Persian alliance
464 Great Earthquake at Sparta
445 30 Years’ Peace with Athenian alliance
431 Peloponnesian War Begins
(Mainly focus on Sparta from 480 – 360)
By the 7th century:
Laconia was ruled by the Dorians
Eurotas Valley is fertile due to the Eurotas River
LYCURGUS
Lycurgus is the ruler credited with designing the social and political system of Sparta
Plutarch claimed that it is likely he was more than one ruler (a composite)
-legend has it that upon a moment of extreme crisis he convinced Spartans to turn their society over to him, including the implementation of Agoge
SPARTAN STATE
Totalitarian
Patriarchal
Warrior based
Valued ‘might’
Two Kings (descended from Heracles) were seen as ‘first among equals’
Ephors – five advisors to the kings (often held the power)
Gerousia – council of elders who advised the assembly of citizens
Damos – Citizen assembly (warrior citizens were equals)
(Only men)
Limited to a warrior class – land ownership
Wealth which freed men up to serve in the military and focus on training
Nature of citizenship kept military elite to a small number (not even kings could survive mistakes in battle)
Forbidden to engage in trade or craft of any type
Spartan Citizens - Land owning men who were native to Sparta (had political voice and subject to military training)
Other Laconians (not Sparta born) – free and could be conscripted into military service but not citizens
Women and slaves were not part of the system: Property
Serfs (Helots) were non-people (animals)
HELOTS
-most important group in Sparta, provided economic base
-subjugated for 300 years by Spartans
-native residents of empire who were not Spartan citizens
MAKING AN ARMY
UNIFORM
COMBAT
ANDREIA – virility or manliness (courage required to fight in hoplite combat)
Hoplite – ferocious, hand to hand combat
Phalanx – infantry formation, tight knit, shields up and interlocked creating a type of protective shell over the men
VIRTUES
Courage
Blind faith
Complete obedience
Denial of pain or bodily discomfort (cold, heat, hunger)
Rejection of ‘civilized’ comfort (hence the modern use of ‘laconic’)
VALUES
Legal limit on personal possessions
Jewelry and precious metal was outlawed
Used iron (unattractive, heavy) as currency
Generated an ‘esprit de corps’ among Spartans
GLORY - Only via battle
WAR
Calculated the cost of engaging in battle
Amassed as many allies as possible
Core of the military unit were always Spartans
Led by Spartan kings
SPARTA & ATHENS
PP Notes Greece
Greece
Mycenaean
Wandering tribes mixed with indigenous people by 16th century BCE
1500BCE Mycenaean (Achaean by Homer) included Crete
1300 BCE Mycenaean culture spread to Asia Minor and Italy
The capital was Troy, located in modern day Turkey
THIS IS THE PEOPLE OF HOMER’S SONG
After the Mycenaean, the Dorians came to rule over Greece
They were not as skilled as the Mycenaean – they were farmers and peasants
Did not use writing
Thus this time was called the dark ages
The people of this 300 year period digressed
Wars
Trojan War – 12th century BCE
Persian War I – Darius went along the Aegean Sea (attempted to take Athens)
“Battle of Marathon”
Persian War II – 480 BCE Xerxes attacked Athens
The Peloponnesian War –4th century BCE (lasted 30 years)
Macedon Conquest – 349 BCE
Alexanders’ Empire –
334- 333 BCE Persia (Asia Minor, the Middle East, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran)
327 BCE After gaining Pakistan, had to stop
Greece is divided
Greece Emerges
The Phoenician alphabet is borrowed and changed
Literacy expands commerce, culture and education
Oral traditions written
Democracy develops in Athens
Emphasis on excellence becomes a cultural trait
Monetary system
Cyrus the Great held the Persian Empire out of Mesopotamia
Were a constant threat to the Greeks
Strong in iron technology
Zoroaster (virgin birth) and final judgment -monotheistic
Regional autonomy and vast highway systems
Monetary system (dual metals)
Greece and the Polis
Polis - city/state with local officials
Polis included the city as well as surrounding lands
Nobles and free farmers openly discussed issues in “councils”
A wider gap developed between the rich and poor
Military participation became mandatory
Loyalty shifted from the individual to the state
Religious participation was as much a part of political life as was “politics”
Greek Politics
Religion
Each city had a patron god or goddess – human in nature
Temples were built to honor gods and make sacrifices
Oracles and priests resided at the temples
Religious participation was important in Greek life
Drama developed from religious ceremony and festival
Science, Philosophy and the Arts
Cities had the same forms of pottery, architecture, sculpting metal work and worship (Delphi) –brightly colored
Schools of learning were started (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle) and concepts of mathematics, astronomy, geometry, logic, rhetoric, etc.
City-states participated in the Olympics together
Designated time of peace
Offerings made to Zeus
Youth and beauty became important
Sexual liberties in youth were popular
The beginnings of Drama and theater
Epic forms of literature and poetry were vital
Open political forums were an expectation on the citizen
The sons of nobles were educated in Philosophy
Economics and Trade
Due to poor agricultural conditions, trade was a critical component of life
They became an expert of “import/export” trading
This led to the presence of a large and wealthy merchant class (which could lobby)
The stronger Greece became, the more slaves it accumulated which slowed manufacturing technology
Aristocratic dominance in politics/society
Trade and economics were tied to the advanced seamanship of the Greeks
The Hellenistic Period 800 – 400 BCE
Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
His son, Alexander the Great, defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Dominated Egypt, India but was halted by military mutiny
Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Died young and thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Aristotle 384-322 BCE
Mycenaean
Wandering tribes mixed with indigenous people by 16th century BCE
1500BCE Mycenaean (Achaean by Homer) included Crete
1300 BCE Mycenaean culture spread to Asia Minor and Italy
The capital was Troy, located in modern day Turkey
THIS IS THE PEOPLE OF HOMER’S SONG
After the Mycenaean, the Dorians came to rule over Greece
They were not as skilled as the Mycenaean – they were farmers and peasants
Did not use writing
Thus this time was called the dark ages
The people of this 300 year period digressed
Wars
Trojan War – 12th century BCE
Persian War I – Darius went along the Aegean Sea (attempted to take Athens)
“Battle of Marathon”
Persian War II – 480 BCE Xerxes attacked Athens
The Peloponnesian War –4th century BCE (lasted 30 years)
Macedon Conquest – 349 BCE
Alexanders’ Empire –
334- 333 BCE Persia (Asia Minor, the Middle East, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran)
327 BCE After gaining Pakistan, had to stop
Greece is divided
Greece Emerges
The Phoenician alphabet is borrowed and changed
Literacy expands commerce, culture and education
Oral traditions written
Democracy develops in Athens
Emphasis on excellence becomes a cultural trait
Monetary system
Cyrus the Great held the Persian Empire out of Mesopotamia
Were a constant threat to the Greeks
Strong in iron technology
Zoroaster (virgin birth) and final judgment -monotheistic
Regional autonomy and vast highway systems
Monetary system (dual metals)
Greece and the Polis
Polis - city/state with local officials
Polis included the city as well as surrounding lands
Nobles and free farmers openly discussed issues in “councils”
A wider gap developed between the rich and poor
Military participation became mandatory
Loyalty shifted from the individual to the state
Religious participation was as much a part of political life as was “politics”
Greek Politics
Religion
Each city had a patron god or goddess – human in nature
Temples were built to honor gods and make sacrifices
Oracles and priests resided at the temples
Religious participation was important in Greek life
Drama developed from religious ceremony and festival
Science, Philosophy and the Arts
Cities had the same forms of pottery, architecture, sculpting metal work and worship (Delphi) –brightly colored
Schools of learning were started (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle) and concepts of mathematics, astronomy, geometry, logic, rhetoric, etc.
City-states participated in the Olympics together
Designated time of peace
Offerings made to Zeus
Youth and beauty became important
Sexual liberties in youth were popular
The beginnings of Drama and theater
Epic forms of literature and poetry were vital
Open political forums were an expectation on the citizen
The sons of nobles were educated in Philosophy
Economics and Trade
Due to poor agricultural conditions, trade was a critical component of life
They became an expert of “import/export” trading
This led to the presence of a large and wealthy merchant class (which could lobby)
The stronger Greece became, the more slaves it accumulated which slowed manufacturing technology
Aristocratic dominance in politics/society
Trade and economics were tied to the advanced seamanship of the Greeks
The Hellenistic Period 800 – 400 BCE
Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
His son, Alexander the Great, defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Dominated Egypt, India but was halted by military mutiny
Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Died young and thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Aristotle 384-322 BCE
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