Kush and Axum
Five Cultures
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus Valley
Shang China
Olmecs
Hebrews and Monotheism
Hebrew Society
Originally semi-nomadic herders (goats and sheep)
Lacked metal working, written language, sophisticated craftsmanship
Lived in tents
Patriarchal structure, tied to priesthood
Family and tribal loyalties
Justice was central to their life
Originally carried their religion with them:
Ark of the Covenant
Monotheism
Issues of El and Ba’al
Strife and conflict within Hebrew society
Validity of the Torah
Relationship between God and man
A Nation
The prophet Samuel selected a king
Saul, David, Solomon
Expansion and cohesion
Writing and calendaring are utilized
Warriors, taxes, trade, metallurgy, public works, agriculture
Israel and Judah split
Israel, Judah, Pheonicia, Damascus and Assyria politically embroiled
Weakening of a Hebrew nation ultimately led to displacement
Hebrew Writing
Record keeping people
Continuity of culture
Supports political life and commerce
Bears witness to relationship between the Hebrews and their god
Serves as historical insight
Religion
Ritual sacrifice
Priesthood
Annual holidays
Diet
Clothing/physical appearance
Temples and synagogues
Women
Sacred writings
The western wall of the Jewish temple
Saturday, June 12, 2010
PP Notes Christianity
Jerusalem
Pax Romana
Centuries after the Roman Republic was established, and after the wars with Gaul, the Punic Wars with Carthage (Hannibal), the Macedonian Wars, and other civil wars and revolution, the great Pax Romana ensued, an age of relative peace and toleration…
The Roman Empire extended from Britain to Mesopotamia to Egypt, with a population of perhaps one hundred million people…
In 63 B.C. Pompey marched his Roman armies down the Jordan Valley and up to Jerusalem, entered the Holy of holies of the Temple, and proclaimed Jerusalem subject to the authority of Rome.
D.K. Ogden, Jerusalem the Eternal City, p. 153
Jesus of Nazareth
Born between 1 and 4 BCE, in Bethlehem (10 miles south of Jerusalem)
Legend of the Virgin Mary
Raised in Nazareth as a carpenter, spoke Aramaic
Follower of John the Baptist, embraced doctrine of baptism (like the Hindus)
Began his ministry near John’s arrest
Preached love of fellow man and God.
Doctrine of resurrection
Preformed miracles, healings and exorcists
The Sermon on the Mount
Enters Jerusalem on Passover, to visit the Temple (Jesus was a devout Jew)
Am empty tomb (3 days) and the last supper
Gnosticism: Egypt, Montanism in Asia Minor, Marcionism in Syria.
Catholicism was only one of dozens of "denominations" within the early church until it was adopted as the state religion of the Roman Empire.
After Death
The Apostles organize and preach, increasing the gentile population
The tradition remains oral
With the loss of the apostolic order, a new debate for hierarchy begins
Thus begins the title of “Bishop”
Constantine
Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).
324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration
Assimilation of paganism within the churhc: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.
Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been pentrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:
Pax Romana
Centuries after the Roman Republic was established, and after the wars with Gaul, the Punic Wars with Carthage (Hannibal), the Macedonian Wars, and other civil wars and revolution, the great Pax Romana ensued, an age of relative peace and toleration…
The Roman Empire extended from Britain to Mesopotamia to Egypt, with a population of perhaps one hundred million people…
In 63 B.C. Pompey marched his Roman armies down the Jordan Valley and up to Jerusalem, entered the Holy of holies of the Temple, and proclaimed Jerusalem subject to the authority of Rome.
D.K. Ogden, Jerusalem the Eternal City, p. 153
Jesus of Nazareth
Born between 1 and 4 BCE, in Bethlehem (10 miles south of Jerusalem)
Legend of the Virgin Mary
Raised in Nazareth as a carpenter, spoke Aramaic
Follower of John the Baptist, embraced doctrine of baptism (like the Hindus)
Began his ministry near John’s arrest
Preached love of fellow man and God.
Doctrine of resurrection
Preformed miracles, healings and exorcists
The Sermon on the Mount
Enters Jerusalem on Passover, to visit the Temple (Jesus was a devout Jew)
Am empty tomb (3 days) and the last supper
Gnosticism: Egypt, Montanism in Asia Minor, Marcionism in Syria.
Catholicism was only one of dozens of "denominations" within the early church until it was adopted as the state religion of the Roman Empire.
After Death
The Apostles organize and preach, increasing the gentile population
The tradition remains oral
With the loss of the apostolic order, a new debate for hierarchy begins
Thus begins the title of “Bishop”
Constantine
Constantine began to help with ideological conflicts and then in 321CE, made Sunday a day of rest, as was custom in the worship of Sol Invictus
In 312 CE, at the Tigris River Constantine met Maxentius and claimed victory, making him the Emperor of the West and Supreme Pontiff (fist Pope).
324 CE Constantine defeats Licinius and becomes Emperor of Rome.
Organized a conference of Bishops in 325, to resolve doctrinal issues
325 BCE made Byzantium: New Rome – today known as
Church moves away from consecration
Assimilation of paganism within the churhc: Christmas celebrated on Dec. 25th – birthday of Sol Invictus, pagan gods taking the faces of saints
In his 50’s Constantine was finally baptized by Eusebius (scholar and theologian) before the Emperor’s death.
Up to 400 CE
The Empire was split into thirds (Constantine’s sons)
Pagan-Christian conflicts again arise and by the tension between Jews and Christians increase
400 CE – Huns invade Armenia, Visigoths moved across the alps later joined by the Francs and other Germans – by 410 CE they held Rome
The city had not been pentrated since the Gauls 700 years earlier.
St Augustine
Authority of church split between Rome and Constantinople 451 CE
Origins of the canon:
PP Notes Byzantine
Byzantine and Orthodox Europe
Europe
Religion
Tribal Nations
Byzantium 565 CE
Origins of Byzantium
Derived from Roman empire, formed in western Europe and southeast Asia, later expanding into eastern Europe
Greek replaced Latin as the court language by the 6th century
Justinian attempted to expand Byzantine rule in the 6th century; rebuilt Constantinople (Hagia Sophia), codified Roman law.
Would later be attacked by Arab and Slavic kingdoms – constant pressure on the borders
By the close of the 10th century, Byzantium Emperor a formidable European power
Byzantium
High levels of political and cultural life between 500 – 1450 CE
Based on Orthodox Christianity, and Roman political forms
Ruler empowered by god, head of church and state – education could lead to advancement
1054 a break in Christianity: Orthodox and Catholic
Decline: 11th century - Arab conquest claimed Asian provinces, lost most important source of taxes and food – pressure on all borders
Crusaders would sack Constantinople in 1204
In 1453 the Ottoman Turks would claim Constantinople
Trade and Education
Europe
Writing
Europe
Religion
Tribal Nations
Byzantium 565 CE
Origins of Byzantium
Derived from Roman empire, formed in western Europe and southeast Asia, later expanding into eastern Europe
Greek replaced Latin as the court language by the 6th century
Justinian attempted to expand Byzantine rule in the 6th century; rebuilt Constantinople (Hagia Sophia), codified Roman law.
Would later be attacked by Arab and Slavic kingdoms – constant pressure on the borders
By the close of the 10th century, Byzantium Emperor a formidable European power
Byzantium
High levels of political and cultural life between 500 – 1450 CE
Based on Orthodox Christianity, and Roman political forms
Ruler empowered by god, head of church and state – education could lead to advancement
1054 a break in Christianity: Orthodox and Catholic
Decline: 11th century - Arab conquest claimed Asian provinces, lost most important source of taxes and food – pressure on all borders
Crusaders would sack Constantinople in 1204
In 1453 the Ottoman Turks would claim Constantinople
Trade and Education
Europe
Writing
PP Notes Islam
Islam
The Dome of the Rock
Muhammad
History of Submission
632 Abu-Bakar (father-in-law) became Caliph but dies two years later, leaving the position to Umar
638 Muslims defeated the Romans, took Jerusalem and occupied Mesopotamia and the Persian capital, Ctesiphon.
641 Conquest of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, the Fertile Crescent and Egypt.
662 Rule of the “Four righteous Caliphs” ends
History of Submission
The Koran
The Hadith (behaviors and rules in Islam)
-share your wealth, value scripture
-Women are sinful
-respect for elders
-do not look upon women
-denounce things of the world
-fight in the jihad
-kindness to family
-suicide is a sin
-suffering is good
-mercy is divine
-treat others as you would treat yourself
-place Allah above all else
-man is accountable to Allah
Trade and Education
Science, Literature and the Arts
The Ottoman Empire
The Ghazi were an Islamic military faction, and leaned toward Sufism
Osman (Uthman) was a Turkish sultan who came to power in 1280
Originated near Constantinople, and fleeing Mongol expansion
Around 1327 establish capital at Bursa
Janissaries: Muslim, slaves, devoted to asceticism, celibacy and Islamic values
The Ottoman Empire would last into the twentieth century through World War I.
The Dome of the Rock
Muhammad
History of Submission
632 Abu-Bakar (father-in-law) became Caliph but dies two years later, leaving the position to Umar
638 Muslims defeated the Romans, took Jerusalem and occupied Mesopotamia and the Persian capital, Ctesiphon.
641 Conquest of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, the Fertile Crescent and Egypt.
662 Rule of the “Four righteous Caliphs” ends
History of Submission
The Koran
The Hadith (behaviors and rules in Islam)
-share your wealth, value scripture
-Women are sinful
-respect for elders
-do not look upon women
-denounce things of the world
-fight in the jihad
-kindness to family
-suicide is a sin
-suffering is good
-mercy is divine
-treat others as you would treat yourself
-place Allah above all else
-man is accountable to Allah
Trade and Education
Science, Literature and the Arts
The Ottoman Empire
The Ghazi were an Islamic military faction, and leaned toward Sufism
Osman (Uthman) was a Turkish sultan who came to power in 1280
Originated near Constantinople, and fleeing Mongol expansion
Around 1327 establish capital at Bursa
Janissaries: Muslim, slaves, devoted to asceticism, celibacy and Islamic values
The Ottoman Empire would last into the twentieth century through World War I.
Wednesday, June 9, 2010
Study Guide 2 (Midterm 2)
1. What was the Warring States period? Who did it involve why was it important?
2. What were the political, social and economic consequences of this period?
3. Who was Confucius? What did he teach? How did his philosophies influence China? What political and social order did his teachings establish?
4. What changes were made in Confucian thought by later followers? How did this change the political or social structures sought after?
5. What was Daoism? How was it different from Confucian thought? How did this influence social and political order?
6. What was the significance of the Qin dynasty?
7. What impact did Sunzi’s political philosophy have?
8. How did the Han institutionalize Confucian political philosophy? How did the impact their political stronghold? What social ramifications came from such structure?
9. What were the status of the scholar-gentry, women, peasants, merchants and artisans under the Han dynasty?
10.
Define:
Qin
Shi Huangdi
Confucius
Mencius
Laozi
Daoism
Legalists
Great Wall
Sunzi
Liu Bang
Han
Scholar-gentry
Secret societies
Forbidden city
Wang Mang
Eunuchs
11. Who was Muhammad and where was he born? How was he “chosen?”
12. What was the nature of Bedouin society before Muhammad received his revelation?
13. What was the purpose of Islam? Who made up the original followers? How did Islam address the problems in Arabian society?
14. Why is the jihad so important? How noble is it?
15. What was the nature and extent of the Umayyad Empire and what let to its’ fall?
16. What were the achievements of the Arab phase of Islamic development ending in 750?
17. How was the Abbasid Empire different from the Umayyad? Describe the Abbasid economy, role of women, social structure, theological developments and weaknesses within the empire.
18. What were “common elements” in African societies? How did Islam enter Africa?
19. What were the Sundanic states and how were they organized?
20. How were the beliefs of Islam and indigenous societies integrated? What was the connection between East Africa and Islam?
21. Define:
Bedouin
Mecca
Koran (Qur’an)
Umma
Zakat
Caliph
Jihad
Crusaders
Ibn Khaldun
Sufis
Mongols
Arabic numerals
Sati
Stateless societies
Sundiata
Griots
Demographic transition
22. What significance did the Byzantine Empire have to the civilizations of Europe? Compare and contrast the development of civilizations in Eastern and Western Europe.
23. How does Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?
24. Compare and contrast Byzantine and Chinese political organization.
25. What was the political structure under the Byzantine Empire? And throughout Europe? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics? What was the relationship between the king and his subjects?
26. What were the major religious beliefs of these societies? How was opulence justified? What was the relationship between church and state?
27. Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
28. What factors led to the decline of Byzantine? How did Byzantine influence Russia?
29. Why did political development of Eastern Europe fall behind Western Europe?
30. Who were Erec and Enide? What do the King Arthur stories tell us about the culture of that time?
31. Define:
Hagia Sophia
Bulgaria
Icons
Iconoclasm
Cyril and Methodius
Kiev
Russian Orthodoxy
Boyars
32. What were the social structures of Korea, Vietname, China, India and Japan like in each of these societies? What were family life and gender relations like?
What were the religious beliefs? How did these beliefs support or hurt the corresponding governments? What was man’s role in life? His relationship with god or ancestors?
33. What major wars took place and how did that influence these communities?
34. What types of laws existed? How were the governments structured? How were the roles of individuals defined by the law?
35. What types of trade occurred? What were the major goods traded? How did trade impact the society?
36. What was the apparent level of literacy in these communities?
37. What is a warrior and what is their code of ethics like?
38. What led to the decline of these communities/dynasties?
39. Define:
Period of Six Dynasties
Jinshi
Chan Buddhism (Zen)
Grand Canal
Junks
Samurai
Seppuku
Shoguns
40. Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another?
41. Discuss Christian theology.
42. What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?
43. How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?
44. According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?
45. What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?
46. What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?
47. Define:
Natural Law
Heaven
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion
48. What are the origins of the Native Americans? How did isolation affect their social development?
49. What was the social structure of most American groups? And the role of women?
50. Discuss sedentary agriculture in Meso America. What crops were domesticated? What animals?
51. What were the class distinctions? How was leadership gained or maintained? Who were slaves? What types of political structure existed in Meso American communities?
52. What was Meso American religion like? Were there separate priest/government classes?
53. Where was Teotihuacán located? What is suggested from their art? Were state and government mixed?
54. What led to the decline of Teotihuacán?
55. Discuss the Mayans of southern Mexico and Central America. How was the nation structured? Did they have writing? Calendars? Mathematics?
56. What were some of the way Mayans supported a population of up to 5 million? What were the roles of men and women? Were families patrilineal?
57. What was the Popol Vuh? How was the world created? What is the significance of the twins? What does this tell us about the relationship between man and god?
58. What were the Andean peoples like? How were some of their agricultural techniques unique? What animals did they domesticate?
59. Who were the Inca? What were Macchu Picchu and Sacsahuman? Where was Cuzco located and how was the city designed? How long did their empire last?
60. Did all Native American groups use writing? Mathematics? Calendaring? What were the various architectures like? Why were they different?
61. Define:
Maize
“Long count”
Puna
Toltec
Solar Cycle
Ayllu
Puma
Macchu Picchu
Map:
Constantinople
Byzantine
Medina
Mecca
Cordoba
Rome
Korea
Vietnam
China
Japan
Bombay
Calcutta
Tikal
Teotihuacan
2. What were the political, social and economic consequences of this period?
3. Who was Confucius? What did he teach? How did his philosophies influence China? What political and social order did his teachings establish?
4. What changes were made in Confucian thought by later followers? How did this change the political or social structures sought after?
5. What was Daoism? How was it different from Confucian thought? How did this influence social and political order?
6. What was the significance of the Qin dynasty?
7. What impact did Sunzi’s political philosophy have?
8. How did the Han institutionalize Confucian political philosophy? How did the impact their political stronghold? What social ramifications came from such structure?
9. What were the status of the scholar-gentry, women, peasants, merchants and artisans under the Han dynasty?
10.
Define:
Qin
Shi Huangdi
Confucius
Mencius
Laozi
Daoism
Legalists
Great Wall
Sunzi
Liu Bang
Han
Scholar-gentry
Secret societies
Forbidden city
Wang Mang
Eunuchs
11. Who was Muhammad and where was he born? How was he “chosen?”
12. What was the nature of Bedouin society before Muhammad received his revelation?
13. What was the purpose of Islam? Who made up the original followers? How did Islam address the problems in Arabian society?
14. Why is the jihad so important? How noble is it?
15. What was the nature and extent of the Umayyad Empire and what let to its’ fall?
16. What were the achievements of the Arab phase of Islamic development ending in 750?
17. How was the Abbasid Empire different from the Umayyad? Describe the Abbasid economy, role of women, social structure, theological developments and weaknesses within the empire.
18. What were “common elements” in African societies? How did Islam enter Africa?
19. What were the Sundanic states and how were they organized?
20. How were the beliefs of Islam and indigenous societies integrated? What was the connection between East Africa and Islam?
21. Define:
Bedouin
Mecca
Koran (Qur’an)
Umma
Zakat
Caliph
Jihad
Crusaders
Ibn Khaldun
Sufis
Mongols
Arabic numerals
Sati
Stateless societies
Sundiata
Griots
Demographic transition
22. What significance did the Byzantine Empire have to the civilizations of Europe? Compare and contrast the development of civilizations in Eastern and Western Europe.
23. How does Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?
24. Compare and contrast Byzantine and Chinese political organization.
25. What was the political structure under the Byzantine Empire? And throughout Europe? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics? What was the relationship between the king and his subjects?
26. What were the major religious beliefs of these societies? How was opulence justified? What was the relationship between church and state?
27. Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
28. What factors led to the decline of Byzantine? How did Byzantine influence Russia?
29. Why did political development of Eastern Europe fall behind Western Europe?
30. Who were Erec and Enide? What do the King Arthur stories tell us about the culture of that time?
31. Define:
Hagia Sophia
Bulgaria
Icons
Iconoclasm
Cyril and Methodius
Kiev
Russian Orthodoxy
Boyars
32. What were the social structures of Korea, Vietname, China, India and Japan like in each of these societies? What were family life and gender relations like?
What were the religious beliefs? How did these beliefs support or hurt the corresponding governments? What was man’s role in life? His relationship with god or ancestors?
33. What major wars took place and how did that influence these communities?
34. What types of laws existed? How were the governments structured? How were the roles of individuals defined by the law?
35. What types of trade occurred? What were the major goods traded? How did trade impact the society?
36. What was the apparent level of literacy in these communities?
37. What is a warrior and what is their code of ethics like?
38. What led to the decline of these communities/dynasties?
39. Define:
Period of Six Dynasties
Jinshi
Chan Buddhism (Zen)
Grand Canal
Junks
Samurai
Seppuku
Shoguns
40. Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another?
41. Discuss Christian theology.
42. What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?
43. How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?
44. According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?
45. What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?
46. What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?
47. Define:
Natural Law
Heaven
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion
48. What are the origins of the Native Americans? How did isolation affect their social development?
49. What was the social structure of most American groups? And the role of women?
50. Discuss sedentary agriculture in Meso America. What crops were domesticated? What animals?
51. What were the class distinctions? How was leadership gained or maintained? Who were slaves? What types of political structure existed in Meso American communities?
52. What was Meso American religion like? Were there separate priest/government classes?
53. Where was Teotihuacán located? What is suggested from their art? Were state and government mixed?
54. What led to the decline of Teotihuacán?
55. Discuss the Mayans of southern Mexico and Central America. How was the nation structured? Did they have writing? Calendars? Mathematics?
56. What were some of the way Mayans supported a population of up to 5 million? What were the roles of men and women? Were families patrilineal?
57. What was the Popol Vuh? How was the world created? What is the significance of the twins? What does this tell us about the relationship between man and god?
58. What were the Andean peoples like? How were some of their agricultural techniques unique? What animals did they domesticate?
59. Who were the Inca? What were Macchu Picchu and Sacsahuman? Where was Cuzco located and how was the city designed? How long did their empire last?
60. Did all Native American groups use writing? Mathematics? Calendaring? What were the various architectures like? Why were they different?
61. Define:
Maize
“Long count”
Puna
Toltec
Solar Cycle
Ayllu
Puma
Macchu Picchu
Map:
Constantinople
Byzantine
Medina
Mecca
Cordoba
Rome
Korea
Vietnam
China
Japan
Bombay
Calcutta
Tikal
Teotihuacan
Tuesday, June 8, 2010
Study Guide Midterm 2
The SG will be posted before class tomorrow. There has been a technical difficulty.
Monday, June 7, 2010
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