Review ALL Quizzes
How do the works, The Epic of Gilgamesh and Hammurabi’s Code reflect similar or different values to the Modern World?
What is a patriarchal society? What is a matriarchal society? Discuss sedentary civilization and the relationship to agriculture. How did nomadic groups spread
How are the values of Eastern cultures different from Western religious ideas?
What is polytheism? Monotheism?
What changed from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age? And Bronze Age to Iron age?
Discuss Neolithic man and hunter gatherer groups. What was religion like for these human and what was the role of men and women like?
What was the first civilization? Where was it located and why is this significant?
What is the difference between a sedentary community and a civilization?
What is the difference between civilization and empire?
Discuss the five river valley civilizations: where (on a map) are they located, what were the cultures, religion, languages and social structure like? How were they governed? What was the role of women in these societies? Slaves? What were the laws like?
What is the Four Great Revolutions? Why are they historically significant?
Discuss life in Egypt: social structure, religion, culture and war. Why was writing important?
Discuss the building of the Pyramids and the process of mummification.
Why was Egypt so successful at maintaining its culture and civilization for so long? How long did it last?
Why were the Assyrians so successful at establishing their Near Eastern Empire? How did it differ from the Hittites and Egyptians?
How is the history of the early Indus Valley civilizations differ from those in China, Mesopotamia and Egypt?
What were the stages of early Chinese history?
Discuss the Olmec civilization.
Define:
Cuneiform
Hieroglyphs
Indo-Euroepean
Aryans
Mahabharata and Ramayana
Mandate of Heaven
Paleolitic Age
Pharaoh
Raja
Upanishads
Vedas
Why was Chinese philosophy important? Identify and discuss: Legalism, Daoism, and Confucianism?
Why is Hebrew Monotheism important?
Discuss the Indian religion and Hinduism.
Monday, May 10, 2010
Study Guide Midterm 1 Part 3/3
The classical society of Greece flourished at what time?
Who was Alexander the Great? What was the “Hellenistic Period?”
Describe Greek polytheism. Be able to indentify the major gods and goddesses.
After adopting the Phoenician’s alphabet, the Iliad and the Odyssey were recorded. How did this affirm a mythic foundation for their culture?
What is the nature of Zeus in the Iliad? Who are Achilles and Hektor?
What is a Polis? How did its creation eventually influence loyalty within Greece?
Compare the political structure of Greece to China and Egypt.
How did the Peloponnesian War affect Athens, Sparta, and Greece as a nation?
What stopped Alexander’s (the Great) desire for a ‘multinational empire?’
Who was Aristotle? Who was Plato? And who were the Stoics? What were their political views?
Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
What was lyric poetry?
What was the social structure of Greek society? How did economics (trade,
commerce and agriculture) influence Greece? How were women viewed? Slavery? Class divisions? Education?
What trends of Greek society do we see in the world today?
Define:
Cyrus the Great
Socrates
Direct democracy
Pericles
Persian Wars
Sophocles
Alexandria
How were the Romans related to the Greeks? What traditions did they carry on? What were their religious beliefs/institutions?
What was the political structure of Rome? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics?
Who made up Roman armies? How did Rome maintain and encourage loyalty, even with conquered peoples?
How did the wealth of war effect Roman society? And the structure of local government?
Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
What was Augustus’ major contribution to Rome?
Discuss taxation, commerce and public works.
Discuss the origins of Christianity. Who was Jesus of Nazareth?
How was the Christian church organized? Why did they use Greek?
What elements led to Rome’s decline?
What in society today comes from Rome?
Compare and contrast Greece, Rome, China and Egypt.
Define:
Etruscans
Plebeians
Carthage
Republic
Vergil
Ovid
Natural Law
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul
Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another? Discuss Christian theology.
What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?
How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?
According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?
What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?
What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?
Define:
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion
Who was Alexander the Great? What was the “Hellenistic Period?”
Describe Greek polytheism. Be able to indentify the major gods and goddesses.
After adopting the Phoenician’s alphabet, the Iliad and the Odyssey were recorded. How did this affirm a mythic foundation for their culture?
What is the nature of Zeus in the Iliad? Who are Achilles and Hektor?
What is a Polis? How did its creation eventually influence loyalty within Greece?
Compare the political structure of Greece to China and Egypt.
How did the Peloponnesian War affect Athens, Sparta, and Greece as a nation?
What stopped Alexander’s (the Great) desire for a ‘multinational empire?’
Who was Aristotle? Who was Plato? And who were the Stoics? What were their political views?
Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
What was lyric poetry?
What was the social structure of Greek society? How did economics (trade,
commerce and agriculture) influence Greece? How were women viewed? Slavery? Class divisions? Education?
What trends of Greek society do we see in the world today?
Define:
Cyrus the Great
Socrates
Direct democracy
Pericles
Persian Wars
Sophocles
Alexandria
How were the Romans related to the Greeks? What traditions did they carry on? What were their religious beliefs/institutions?
What was the political structure of Rome? Who were citizens? Who were not? Who participated in politics?
Who made up Roman armies? How did Rome maintain and encourage loyalty, even with conquered peoples?
How did the wealth of war effect Roman society? And the structure of local government?
Discuss the arts: literature, sculpting, painting, and drama/philosophy.
What was Augustus’ major contribution to Rome?
Discuss taxation, commerce and public works.
Discuss the origins of Christianity. Who was Jesus of Nazareth?
How was the Christian church organized? Why did they use Greek?
What elements led to Rome’s decline?
What in society today comes from Rome?
Compare and contrast Greece, Rome, China and Egypt.
Define:
Etruscans
Plebeians
Carthage
Republic
Vergil
Ovid
Natural Law
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul
Who were the Christians? What was the relationship between the Hebrews and the Christians? How were their values/religions different from one another? Discuss Christian theology.
What types of laws changed under the Christian church? And what did the religious code do to the relations between man and god, genders, social structure and worship in Christianity?
How did the Christians influence Rome? How were the Christians influenced by Rome?
According to Matthew and Luke, who is Jesus of Nazareth? What were some of the miracles done by Jesus of Nazareth told in Matthew and Luke?
What happened to the prophet, Jesus? Why did the Hebrew reject Jesus of Nazareth? What happened to Jesus’ disciples?
What elements in the Christian church can still be seen today?
Define:
Bethlehem
John the Baptist
Peter
Crucifixion
Thursday, May 6, 2010
PP Notes Persia and Greece
The Achaemenid Period The Hellenistic World
Persia: First Empire
Expansion to control Near East:
Cyrus the Great – Babylon 539 BCE
Expansion into Egypt, Asia Minor
Attacks Greek city-states:
Darius I attacks Greek mainland
Persians invade again under Xerxes
Ideology of rule:
Persian ruler was ‘King of Kings’ (shahanshah)
Satraps – local rulers over native region
Achaemenid Dynasty
Cyrus the Great, 559 – 530 BCE
Created empire, start of dynasty
Darius I, 522 – 486 BCE
Developed mature empire
Empire expands to largest extent
Xerxes, 486 – 465 BCE
Lost battle against Greece
Ended expansion
Stable period until civil war 404
Persian Decline: ends with Macedon conquest
Last Achaemenid: Darius III, 336 – 330 BCE
Cyrus Cylinder
I am Cyrus, King of the globe, great king, mighty king, King of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akad, King of ......, king of the four quarters of Earth, son of Cambysis (Kambujiye), great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus (Kurosh), great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes (Chaish Pish), great king, king of Anshan, progeny of an unending royal line, whose rule, The Gods, Bel and Nabu cherish, whose kingship they desire for their hearts' and pleasures.
When I … entered Babylon, I had established the seat of government… Marduk the great god, induced the magnanimous inhabitants of Babylon to love me, and I sought daily to worship him … I did not allow anyone to terrorize the people of the lands of Sumer and Akad and ...... I kept in view, the needs of the people and all their sanctuaries to promote their well being. I strove for peace in Babylon ... As to the inhabitants of Babylon who against the will of the gods were enslaved, I abolished the corvee … I brought relief to their dilapidated housing… Marduk, the great lord, was well pleased with my deeds, rejoiced and to me, Cyrus, the king who worshipped him… to all my troops he graciously gave his blessing, and in good sprit, before him we stood peacefully and praised him joyously.
All the kings who sat in throne rooms, throughout the four quarters, from the Upper Sea (Mediterranean Sea) to the Lower Sea (Persian Gulf), those who dwelt in ...... the holy cities beyond the Tigris River, whose sanctuaries had been in ruins over a long period, the gods whose abode is in the midst of them, I returned to their places and housed them in lasting abodes.
I also gathered all their former inhabitants and returned to them their habitations. Furthermore, I resettled upon the command of Marduk, the great lord, all the gods of Sumer …into Babylon to the anger of the lord of the gods, unharmed, in their former chapels…
Rise of Macedon
Philip of Macedon:
Fall of Greece
End of Athenian democracy
Alexander the Great:
Conquers Persia
Extends empire to India
Spreads Greek culture to the east
Intermarries and has his soldiers do so
Dies young, causing empire to be divided
Empire split into different kingdoms
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
Ptolemies:
Names for Ptolemy – last Egyptian monarch was Cleopatra
Rule from Alexandria
Seleucids:
Named for Seleucus
Ruled from Mesopotamia and Antioch
Lost Mesopotamia (to kingdom of Parthia)
Ptolemies and Seleucids fight over Levant:
Replicates pattern of empires of the Bronze Age
Shapes early history of Judaism
Independent Jewish state under Maccabees
Other kingdoms:
Pergamum – city on coast of Asia Minor (Attalid dynasty)
Antigonids – would control Greece, Macedon and parts of Asia Minor
Persia: First Empire
Expansion to control Near East:
Cyrus the Great – Babylon 539 BCE
Expansion into Egypt, Asia Minor
Attacks Greek city-states:
Darius I attacks Greek mainland
Persians invade again under Xerxes
Ideology of rule:
Persian ruler was ‘King of Kings’ (shahanshah)
Satraps – local rulers over native region
Achaemenid Dynasty
Cyrus the Great, 559 – 530 BCE
Created empire, start of dynasty
Darius I, 522 – 486 BCE
Developed mature empire
Empire expands to largest extent
Xerxes, 486 – 465 BCE
Lost battle against Greece
Ended expansion
Stable period until civil war 404
Persian Decline: ends with Macedon conquest
Last Achaemenid: Darius III, 336 – 330 BCE
Cyrus Cylinder
I am Cyrus, King of the globe, great king, mighty king, King of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akad, King of ......, king of the four quarters of Earth, son of Cambysis (Kambujiye), great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus (Kurosh), great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes (Chaish Pish), great king, king of Anshan, progeny of an unending royal line, whose rule, The Gods, Bel and Nabu cherish, whose kingship they desire for their hearts' and pleasures.
When I … entered Babylon, I had established the seat of government… Marduk the great god, induced the magnanimous inhabitants of Babylon to love me, and I sought daily to worship him … I did not allow anyone to terrorize the people of the lands of Sumer and Akad and ...... I kept in view, the needs of the people and all their sanctuaries to promote their well being. I strove for peace in Babylon ... As to the inhabitants of Babylon who against the will of the gods were enslaved, I abolished the corvee … I brought relief to their dilapidated housing… Marduk, the great lord, was well pleased with my deeds, rejoiced and to me, Cyrus, the king who worshipped him… to all my troops he graciously gave his blessing, and in good sprit, before him we stood peacefully and praised him joyously.
All the kings who sat in throne rooms, throughout the four quarters, from the Upper Sea (Mediterranean Sea) to the Lower Sea (Persian Gulf), those who dwelt in ...... the holy cities beyond the Tigris River, whose sanctuaries had been in ruins over a long period, the gods whose abode is in the midst of them, I returned to their places and housed them in lasting abodes.
I also gathered all their former inhabitants and returned to them their habitations. Furthermore, I resettled upon the command of Marduk, the great lord, all the gods of Sumer …into Babylon to the anger of the lord of the gods, unharmed, in their former chapels…
Rise of Macedon
Philip of Macedon:
Fall of Greece
End of Athenian democracy
Alexander the Great:
Conquers Persia
Extends empire to India
Spreads Greek culture to the east
Intermarries and has his soldiers do so
Dies young, causing empire to be divided
Empire split into different kingdoms
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
Ptolemies:
Names for Ptolemy – last Egyptian monarch was Cleopatra
Rule from Alexandria
Seleucids:
Named for Seleucus
Ruled from Mesopotamia and Antioch
Lost Mesopotamia (to kingdom of Parthia)
Ptolemies and Seleucids fight over Levant:
Replicates pattern of empires of the Bronze Age
Shapes early history of Judaism
Independent Jewish state under Maccabees
Other kingdoms:
Pergamum – city on coast of Asia Minor (Attalid dynasty)
Antigonids – would control Greece, Macedon and parts of Asia Minor
PP Notes Persia
Persia
Located in modern day Iran
Medes unified Persia in 625 BCE
Achaemenid Dynasty 550 – 330 BCE
Empire – Middle East, Greece and central Asia
Achaemenid Dynasty – Great builders
Zoroastrianism:
Monotheistic, virgin birth, heaven
Advanced craftmanship
Persian carpets, textiles, pottery, jewelry, metallurgy
Persian Army
Elite Corps – Immortal 10,000
With this the Royal Guard
Decimal – Divisions of 10,000, Battalions of 1000, Companies of 100 and Squads of 10
Empire:
Satrap: conquered regions (20 to 30 a time)
Tax: sliding scale depending on Satrap and productivity (paid in gold or silver, grains, goods, etc)
Persia: No taxes
First capital was at Susa
Built a canal between Nile and Red Sea
Developed a major road system
Minted coins
Highly organized and effective administration
Was the largest empire (under Cyrus and Darius) human history to that point
Practiced tolerance and respect for other religions/cultures
Located in modern day Iran
Medes unified Persia in 625 BCE
Achaemenid Dynasty 550 – 330 BCE
Empire – Middle East, Greece and central Asia
Achaemenid Dynasty – Great builders
Zoroastrianism:
Monotheistic, virgin birth, heaven
Advanced craftmanship
Persian carpets, textiles, pottery, jewelry, metallurgy
Persian Army
Elite Corps – Immortal 10,000
With this the Royal Guard
Decimal – Divisions of 10,000, Battalions of 1000, Companies of 100 and Squads of 10
Empire:
Satrap: conquered regions (20 to 30 a time)
Tax: sliding scale depending on Satrap and productivity (paid in gold or silver, grains, goods, etc)
Persia: No taxes
First capital was at Susa
Built a canal between Nile and Red Sea
Developed a major road system
Minted coins
Highly organized and effective administration
Was the largest empire (under Cyrus and Darius) human history to that point
Practiced tolerance and respect for other religions/cultures
PP Notes Alexander
Alexander the Great
Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
Using the Macedon hegemony, he unified Greek city-states
This was called the‘League of Corinth’
His son, Alexander the Great (aka Alexander III of Macedon), defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Started his campaign Archaemenid Persian Empire
The went on to aquire Anatolia, Syria, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, Bactria and Mesopotamia
Considered one of the most successful military leaders of all time
Undefeated
Dominated Egypt to Persia and India (Punjab) but was halted by military mutiny
Intended to move into Arabian Peninsula
Left men behind in conquered areas
Incorporated foreigners into his army
‘Policy of fusion’
Aristotle had been his tutor – rhetoric, literature, science, math, philosophy
Alexander had the skills of great diplomacy when it served him
Would adopt some local customs and make them his own
He had a life long companion: Hephaestion
Three wives: Roxana of a Bactrian nobleman, Statiera a Persian Princess and Parysatis also Persian
Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Executed those regents over conquered lands who did not behave - loyalty
For twelve straight years he campaigned and expanded his Empire
Died young (323 BCE) in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon
thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Many theories regarding his death, but no set heir
Empire is divided up
Poltemaic Egypt
Took on the role of Pharaoh
Cultural preservation, imbued with Hellinisim (upper levels of society)
Gap between rich and poor increased
Enjoyed peace until internal rebellion
Alexandria would thrive
Seleucid Asia
Would not hold the boarders
Allowed some autonomy, again imparting Hellenic culture
Persian dynastic rule
Continued planting cities: Antioch
Large tax collectin
Antigonid Macedon /Greece
Instability
Strong military and dominated Aegean
Stoic approach
Dealt with uprisings: Aetolian League and Achaean League
Greek Culture
Arts: idealistic, romantic, tolerant
Drama: tragedy, passion, satire, steeped in social and political commentary
Literature: Epics, great drama
Greek Culture
Philosophy: involved in politics, relative to experience, forms and virtuous life
Science:
War: strong dependence on hopelite tactics, naval strength
Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
Using the Macedon hegemony, he unified Greek city-states
This was called the‘League of Corinth’
His son, Alexander the Great (aka Alexander III of Macedon), defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Started his campaign Archaemenid Persian Empire
The went on to aquire Anatolia, Syria, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, Bactria and Mesopotamia
Considered one of the most successful military leaders of all time
Undefeated
Dominated Egypt to Persia and India (Punjab) but was halted by military mutiny
Intended to move into Arabian Peninsula
Left men behind in conquered areas
Incorporated foreigners into his army
‘Policy of fusion’
Aristotle had been his tutor – rhetoric, literature, science, math, philosophy
Alexander had the skills of great diplomacy when it served him
Would adopt some local customs and make them his own
He had a life long companion: Hephaestion
Three wives: Roxana of a Bactrian nobleman, Statiera a Persian Princess and Parysatis also Persian
Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Executed those regents over conquered lands who did not behave - loyalty
For twelve straight years he campaigned and expanded his Empire
Died young (323 BCE) in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon
thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Many theories regarding his death, but no set heir
Empire is divided up
Poltemaic Egypt
Took on the role of Pharaoh
Cultural preservation, imbued with Hellinisim (upper levels of society)
Gap between rich and poor increased
Enjoyed peace until internal rebellion
Alexandria would thrive
Seleucid Asia
Would not hold the boarders
Allowed some autonomy, again imparting Hellenic culture
Persian dynastic rule
Continued planting cities: Antioch
Large tax collectin
Antigonid Macedon /Greece
Instability
Strong military and dominated Aegean
Stoic approach
Dealt with uprisings: Aetolian League and Achaean League
Greek Culture
Arts: idealistic, romantic, tolerant
Drama: tragedy, passion, satire, steeped in social and political commentary
Literature: Epics, great drama
Greek Culture
Philosophy: involved in politics, relative to experience, forms and virtuous life
Science:
War: strong dependence on hopelite tactics, naval strength
PP Notes Sparta
SPARTA
Timeline
2000 – 1600 BCE Middle Bronze Age
1600 – 1100 Late Bronze Age (Mycenaean Age)
1200 Downfall of Bronze Age
1000 Dorians settle Sparta and Laconia
800 Sparta expands to include Amyclae
776 Olympic Games founded
735 Spartans invade Messenia (First Messenian War)
720 Accession of Theopompus
490 Battle of Marathon
480 Battle of Thermopylae
478 Sparta withdraws from anti-Persian alliance
464 Great Earthquake at Sparta
445 30 Years’ Peace with Athenian alliance
431 Peloponnesian War Begins
(Mainly focus on Sparta from 480 – 360)
By the 7th century:
Laconia was ruled by the Dorians
Eurotas Valley is fertile due to the Eurotas River
LYCURGUS
Lycurgus is the ruler credited with designing the social and political system of Sparta
Plutarch claimed that it is likely he was more than one ruler (a composite)
-legend has it that upon a moment of extreme crisis he convinced Spartans to turn their society over to him, including the implementation of Agoge
SPARTAN STATE
Totalitarian
Patriarchal
Warrior based
Valued ‘might’
Two Kings (descended from Heracles) were seen as ‘first among equals’
Ephors – five advisors to the kings (often held the power)
Gerousia – council of elders who advised the assembly of citizens
Damos – Citizen assembly (warrior citizens were equals)
(Only men)
Limited to a warrior class – land ownership
Wealth which freed men up to serve in the military and focus on training
Nature of citizenship kept military elite to a small number (not even kings could survive mistakes in battle)
Forbidden to engage in trade or craft of any type
Spartan Citizens - Land owning men who were native to Sparta (had political voice and subject to military training)
Other Laconians (not Sparta born) – free and could be conscripted into military service but not citizens
Women and slaves were not part of the system: Property
Serfs (Helots) were non-people (animals)
HELOTS
-most important group in Sparta, provided economic base
-subjugated for 300 years by Spartans
-native residents of empire who were not Spartan citizens
MAKING AN ARMY
UNIFORM
COMBAT
ANDREIA – virility or manliness (courage required to fight in hoplite combat)
Hoplite – ferocious, hand to hand combat
Phalanx – infantry formation, tight knit, shields up and interlocked creating a type of protective shell over the men
VIRTUES
Courage
Blind faith
Complete obedience
Denial of pain or bodily discomfort (cold, heat, hunger)
Rejection of ‘civilized’ comfort (hence the modern use of ‘laconic’)
VALUES
Legal limit on personal possessions
Jewelry and precious metal was outlawed
Used iron (unattractive, heavy) as currency
Generated an ‘esprit de corps’ among Spartans
GLORY - Only via battle
WAR
Calculated the cost of engaging in battle
Amassed as many allies as possible
Core of the military unit were always Spartans
Led by Spartan kings
SPARTA & ATHENS
Timeline
2000 – 1600 BCE Middle Bronze Age
1600 – 1100 Late Bronze Age (Mycenaean Age)
1200 Downfall of Bronze Age
1000 Dorians settle Sparta and Laconia
800 Sparta expands to include Amyclae
776 Olympic Games founded
735 Spartans invade Messenia (First Messenian War)
720 Accession of Theopompus
490 Battle of Marathon
480 Battle of Thermopylae
478 Sparta withdraws from anti-Persian alliance
464 Great Earthquake at Sparta
445 30 Years’ Peace with Athenian alliance
431 Peloponnesian War Begins
(Mainly focus on Sparta from 480 – 360)
By the 7th century:
Laconia was ruled by the Dorians
Eurotas Valley is fertile due to the Eurotas River
LYCURGUS
Lycurgus is the ruler credited with designing the social and political system of Sparta
Plutarch claimed that it is likely he was more than one ruler (a composite)
-legend has it that upon a moment of extreme crisis he convinced Spartans to turn their society over to him, including the implementation of Agoge
SPARTAN STATE
Totalitarian
Patriarchal
Warrior based
Valued ‘might’
Two Kings (descended from Heracles) were seen as ‘first among equals’
Ephors – five advisors to the kings (often held the power)
Gerousia – council of elders who advised the assembly of citizens
Damos – Citizen assembly (warrior citizens were equals)
(Only men)
Limited to a warrior class – land ownership
Wealth which freed men up to serve in the military and focus on training
Nature of citizenship kept military elite to a small number (not even kings could survive mistakes in battle)
Forbidden to engage in trade or craft of any type
Spartan Citizens - Land owning men who were native to Sparta (had political voice and subject to military training)
Other Laconians (not Sparta born) – free and could be conscripted into military service but not citizens
Women and slaves were not part of the system: Property
Serfs (Helots) were non-people (animals)
HELOTS
-most important group in Sparta, provided economic base
-subjugated for 300 years by Spartans
-native residents of empire who were not Spartan citizens
MAKING AN ARMY
UNIFORM
COMBAT
ANDREIA – virility or manliness (courage required to fight in hoplite combat)
Hoplite – ferocious, hand to hand combat
Phalanx – infantry formation, tight knit, shields up and interlocked creating a type of protective shell over the men
VIRTUES
Courage
Blind faith
Complete obedience
Denial of pain or bodily discomfort (cold, heat, hunger)
Rejection of ‘civilized’ comfort (hence the modern use of ‘laconic’)
VALUES
Legal limit on personal possessions
Jewelry and precious metal was outlawed
Used iron (unattractive, heavy) as currency
Generated an ‘esprit de corps’ among Spartans
GLORY - Only via battle
WAR
Calculated the cost of engaging in battle
Amassed as many allies as possible
Core of the military unit were always Spartans
Led by Spartan kings
SPARTA & ATHENS
PP Notes Greece
Greece
Mycenaean
Wandering tribes mixed with indigenous people by 16th century BCE
1500BCE Mycenaean (Achaean by Homer) included Crete
1300 BCE Mycenaean culture spread to Asia Minor and Italy
The capital was Troy, located in modern day Turkey
THIS IS THE PEOPLE OF HOMER’S SONG
After the Mycenaean, the Dorians came to rule over Greece
They were not as skilled as the Mycenaean – they were farmers and peasants
Did not use writing
Thus this time was called the dark ages
The people of this 300 year period digressed
Wars
Trojan War – 12th century BCE
Persian War I – Darius went along the Aegean Sea (attempted to take Athens)
“Battle of Marathon”
Persian War II – 480 BCE Xerxes attacked Athens
The Peloponnesian War –4th century BCE (lasted 30 years)
Macedon Conquest – 349 BCE
Alexanders’ Empire –
334- 333 BCE Persia (Asia Minor, the Middle East, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran)
327 BCE After gaining Pakistan, had to stop
Greece is divided
Greece Emerges
The Phoenician alphabet is borrowed and changed
Literacy expands commerce, culture and education
Oral traditions written
Democracy develops in Athens
Emphasis on excellence becomes a cultural trait
Monetary system
Cyrus the Great held the Persian Empire out of Mesopotamia
Were a constant threat to the Greeks
Strong in iron technology
Zoroaster (virgin birth) and final judgment -monotheistic
Regional autonomy and vast highway systems
Monetary system (dual metals)
Greece and the Polis
Polis - city/state with local officials
Polis included the city as well as surrounding lands
Nobles and free farmers openly discussed issues in “councils”
A wider gap developed between the rich and poor
Military participation became mandatory
Loyalty shifted from the individual to the state
Religious participation was as much a part of political life as was “politics”
Greek Politics
Religion
Each city had a patron god or goddess – human in nature
Temples were built to honor gods and make sacrifices
Oracles and priests resided at the temples
Religious participation was important in Greek life
Drama developed from religious ceremony and festival
Science, Philosophy and the Arts
Cities had the same forms of pottery, architecture, sculpting metal work and worship (Delphi) –brightly colored
Schools of learning were started (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle) and concepts of mathematics, astronomy, geometry, logic, rhetoric, etc.
City-states participated in the Olympics together
Designated time of peace
Offerings made to Zeus
Youth and beauty became important
Sexual liberties in youth were popular
The beginnings of Drama and theater
Epic forms of literature and poetry were vital
Open political forums were an expectation on the citizen
The sons of nobles were educated in Philosophy
Economics and Trade
Due to poor agricultural conditions, trade was a critical component of life
They became an expert of “import/export” trading
This led to the presence of a large and wealthy merchant class (which could lobby)
The stronger Greece became, the more slaves it accumulated which slowed manufacturing technology
Aristocratic dominance in politics/society
Trade and economics were tied to the advanced seamanship of the Greeks
The Hellenistic Period 800 – 400 BCE
Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
His son, Alexander the Great, defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Dominated Egypt, India but was halted by military mutiny
Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Died young and thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Aristotle 384-322 BCE
Mycenaean
Wandering tribes mixed with indigenous people by 16th century BCE
1500BCE Mycenaean (Achaean by Homer) included Crete
1300 BCE Mycenaean culture spread to Asia Minor and Italy
The capital was Troy, located in modern day Turkey
THIS IS THE PEOPLE OF HOMER’S SONG
After the Mycenaean, the Dorians came to rule over Greece
They were not as skilled as the Mycenaean – they were farmers and peasants
Did not use writing
Thus this time was called the dark ages
The people of this 300 year period digressed
Wars
Trojan War – 12th century BCE
Persian War I – Darius went along the Aegean Sea (attempted to take Athens)
“Battle of Marathon”
Persian War II – 480 BCE Xerxes attacked Athens
The Peloponnesian War –4th century BCE (lasted 30 years)
Macedon Conquest – 349 BCE
Alexanders’ Empire –
334- 333 BCE Persia (Asia Minor, the Middle East, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran)
327 BCE After gaining Pakistan, had to stop
Greece is divided
Greece Emerges
The Phoenician alphabet is borrowed and changed
Literacy expands commerce, culture and education
Oral traditions written
Democracy develops in Athens
Emphasis on excellence becomes a cultural trait
Monetary system
Cyrus the Great held the Persian Empire out of Mesopotamia
Were a constant threat to the Greeks
Strong in iron technology
Zoroaster (virgin birth) and final judgment -monotheistic
Regional autonomy and vast highway systems
Monetary system (dual metals)
Greece and the Polis
Polis - city/state with local officials
Polis included the city as well as surrounding lands
Nobles and free farmers openly discussed issues in “councils”
A wider gap developed between the rich and poor
Military participation became mandatory
Loyalty shifted from the individual to the state
Religious participation was as much a part of political life as was “politics”
Greek Politics
Religion
Each city had a patron god or goddess – human in nature
Temples were built to honor gods and make sacrifices
Oracles and priests resided at the temples
Religious participation was important in Greek life
Drama developed from religious ceremony and festival
Science, Philosophy and the Arts
Cities had the same forms of pottery, architecture, sculpting metal work and worship (Delphi) –brightly colored
Schools of learning were started (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle) and concepts of mathematics, astronomy, geometry, logic, rhetoric, etc.
City-states participated in the Olympics together
Designated time of peace
Offerings made to Zeus
Youth and beauty became important
Sexual liberties in youth were popular
The beginnings of Drama and theater
Epic forms of literature and poetry were vital
Open political forums were an expectation on the citizen
The sons of nobles were educated in Philosophy
Economics and Trade
Due to poor agricultural conditions, trade was a critical component of life
They became an expert of “import/export” trading
This led to the presence of a large and wealthy merchant class (which could lobby)
The stronger Greece became, the more slaves it accumulated which slowed manufacturing technology
Aristocratic dominance in politics/society
Trade and economics were tied to the advanced seamanship of the Greeks
The Hellenistic Period 800 – 400 BCE
Under Philip II, Macedon took advantage of the Sparta/Athens issue
His son, Alexander the Great, defeated the Persians (about 333 BCE)
Dominated Egypt, India but was halted by military mutiny
Founded cities, centers of scholarship, and encouraged intermarriage
In this period, Hellenistic culture spread across the known world, ensuring the survival of Greek thought and theory.
“Hellenization” – “Making Greek”
Alexandria – City established in Egypt holding the greatest modern library, intellectual center
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian – Hellenic architecture
Died young and thus could not merge Greece with the East (“Multinational Empire”)
Aristotle 384-322 BCE
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